✖Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
✖Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
Shelf marks (full list)Manuscripts (search)List of Digitized ManuscriptsCatalogues EncodedInscriptions
✖We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
Clavis Aethiopica (Works)Narrative UnitsStudies
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
✖While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
Index of decorationsArt KeywordsIlluminations
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
✖We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
PlacesRepositories
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
✖We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
Persons and groupsEthnic units
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
✖This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
BibliographyIndexesProjectsVisualizationsGǝʿǝz Morphological ParserOnline Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae
Help

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Hover on words to see search options.

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Ruler

There are 174 resources that contain the exact keyword: ruler
id title type
PRS2377Bakaffa Bakāffā pers
PRS2208Atatuerk Kemal (Mustafa) Atatürk pers
PRS2682BerhanM Bǝrhān Mogasā pers
PRS2336BaedaM Baʾǝda Māryām III pers
PRS2041ArmahA ʾArmāḥ pers
PRS2335BaedaM Baʾǝda Māryām II pers
PRS2597Bazen Bāzen pers
PRS2187Asrat ʿAśrat pers
PRS2334BaedaM Baʾǝda Māryām I pers
PRS8344sahlaDe Śāhla Dǝngǝl pers
PRS8029QedmaAs Qǝdma ʾAsgad pers
PRS8757senfaAr Ṣǝnfa ʾArʿad pers
PRS8595SayfaAr Sayfa ʾArʿad pers
PRS8181RogerII Roger II pers
PRS8276SablaWa Sabla Wangel pers
PRS8379sairum Šaʿir[um] ʾAwtar pers
PRS8421Salomon Salomon I pers
PRS8925Solomon Solomon pers
PRS8265Sabagadi Sabāgādis Waldu pers
PRS8203Romna Romnā pers
PRS8594SayfaAr Sayfa ʾArʿad pers
PRS8779serwaIy Śǝrwa ʾIyasus pers
PRS8422Salomon Salomon II pers
PRS8558Sarde Särḍe pers
PRS8263SabaAs Sabʾā ʾAsgad pers
PRS8550sardaDe Śarḍa Dǝngǝl pers
PRS13473HalloKrestos Hallo Krǝstos pers
PRS13123TaklaEwostatewos Takla ʾEwosṭātewos pers
PRS13637Endalu ʾƎndālu pers
PRS13472HalloAmlak Hallo ʾAmlāk pers
PRS13474HalloEgziabeher Hallo ʾƎgziʾabǝḥer pers
PRS13241Archelaus Herod Archelaus pers
PRS13237JohnHyrcanus John Hyrcanus pers
PRS13239Antigonus Antigonus II Mattathias pers
PRS13240Antipater Antipater II pers
PRS13562Aron Aron pers
PRS13238Aristoboulos Aristobulos II pers
PRS13236AlexanderJ Alexander Jannaeus pers
PRS9039Susenyos Susǝnyos II pers
PRS9158TaklaHa Takla Hāymānot pers
PRS9479Theodosi Theodosius I ቴዎደስዮስ፡ Tewodosyos Θεοδόσιος Theodosios pers
PRS9175TaklaMa Takla Māryām pers
PRS9016Sueleyman Süleyman I “the Magnificent” pers
PRS9152TaklaHa Takla Hāymānot I pers
PRS9176TaklaMa Takla Māryām pers
PRS9449Tewoflos Tewoflos pers
PRS9978Waldase Walda Śǝllāse pers
PRS9038Susenyos Susǝnyos pers
PRS9153TaklaHa Takla Hāymānot II pers
PRS9430Tewodros Tewodros pers
PRS9429Tewodros Tewodros I pers
PRS9142TaklaGi Takla Giyorgis I pers
PRS11395Abaalkeo ʾAbaʾalkǝʿo pers
PRS11953Badlay Badlāy pers
PRS11617Mesraqawit Mǝśrāqāwit pers
PRS11009Louis Louis XV pers
PRS11406Kr ከረ፡ pers
PRS11396Alita ʾAlitā pers
PRS11328Ardasir ʾArdašīr I pers
PRS11306Deratewos Dǝrātewos pers
PRS11715Ziyadi Ziyadi pers
PRS11237LouisPhilippe Louis-Philippe I pers
PRS11307Tewobesteya Tewobǝstǝyā pers
PRS4661Gigar Gigār pers
PRS4371GabreTa Gabre Tasfā pers
PRS4972hadigab Ḫadīǧa bint ʿAlī pers
PRS4121Fiqtor Fiqṭor pers
PRS4779GossuZa Goššu Zawde pers
PRS4900Gwangul Guwāānguul which refers in Afan Oromo “Abbā Seru” pers
PRS4870GugsaMa Gugsā Marsā pers
PRS4198Furra Furra pers
PRS4406Gaewa Gāʿǝwā pers
PRS4327GabraMa Gabra Masqal pers
PRS4015Fasilada Fāsiladas pers
PRS4428Galawdew Galāwdewos pers
PRS4264GabraKr Gabra Krǝstos pers
PRS1028AbbaaBa Abbaa Bagiboo I pers
PRS1854Amdase ʿAmda Ṣǝyon I pers
PRS1102Abduel ʿAbd ül-Meǧīd pers
PRS1522Ahmadb ʾAḥmad pers
PRS1429AdmasMo ʾAdmās Mogasā pers
PRS1810AmataLe Amätä Lǝʿul pers
PRS1509Ahmadan ʾAḥmad an-Naǧāšī pers
PRS1855Amdase ʿAmda Ṣǝyon II pers
PRS1024AbataBw ʾAbāta Bʷāyālaw pers
PRS1688AliAlul Ali Alula pers
PRS1020AbarraT ʾAbarrā Takla Giyorgis pers
PRS1719AliGwan ʾAli Gwāngul, ʾAli I pers
PRS1284Abrehaa ʾAbrǝhā and ʾAṣbǝḥa pers
PRS1015Abarra ʾAbarrā pers
PRS7042MhDYS MḤDYS pers
PRS7102Minas Minās pers
PRS7006Menilek Mǝnilǝk pers
PRS7005Menilek Mǝnilǝk I pers
PRS7481NaodA Nāʿod pers
PRS7559NewayaM Nǝwāya Māryām pers
PRS7079Mikael Maḥammad ʾAli pers
PRS5617IyasuII ʾIyāsu II pers
PRS5619IyasuIV ʾIyāsu IV pers
PRS5326hezbaAs Ḥǝzba ʾAsgad pers
PRS5618IyasuII ʾIyāsu III pers
PRS5866Karibil Ḳaribʾīl Ayfaʿ pers
PRS5620IyasuV ʾIyāsu pers
PRS5841Kaleb Kāleb pers
PRS5616IyasuI ʾIyāsu I pers
PRS5637IyoasI ʾIyoʾas II pers
PRS5865Karibil Ḳaribʾīl pers
PRS5299Herod Herod pers
PRS5226haylase Ḫāyla Śǝllāse I pers
PRS5636IyoasI ʾIyoʾas I pers
PRS5867Karibil Ḳaribʾīl Watar Yuhanʿim pers
PRS5332hezqeyas Ḥǝzqǝyās pers
PRS10377Yohanne Yoḥannǝs III pers
PRS10585ZanAsg Žān ʾAsgad pers
PRS10215Yagbas Yāgbā Ṣǝyon pers
PRS10790Charles Charles pers
PRS10111WedemR Wǝdǝm Raʿad pers
PRS10297Yehlue Yeh-lü Da-shih pers
PRS10626ZaraY Zarʾa Yāʿqob pers
PRS10671Zawditu Zawditu pers
PRS10473Yostos Yosṭos pers
PRS10375Yohanne Yoḥannǝs I pers
PRS10198Yaeqob ʾaṣe Yāʿqob pers
PRS10103Webit Wǝbit pers
PRS10378Yohanne ʾaṣe Yoḥannǝs IV pers
PRS10746Zoskale Zoskāles pers
PRS10319YemarG Yǝmar Gʷālu pers
PRS10376Yohanne Yoḥannǝs II pers
PRS10363Yetbara Yǝtbārak pers
PRS10325Yemreha Yǝmrǝḥanna Krǝstos pers
PRS10513Zadenge Zadǝngǝl pers
PRS10588ZanKem Zan Ḵǝmǝr pers
PRS10441Yonas Yonās pers
PRS10342Yeshaq Yǝsḥāq pers
PRS10053Warqe Wärqe pers
PRS10025WandBa Wand Bawasan pers
PRS10191Yaeqob Yāʿqob pers
PRS10097Wazena Wāzenā pers
PRS10303Yekunno Yǝkunno ʾAmlāk pers
PRS3501Demetros Dǝmeṭros pers
PRS3617DoriGug Dori Gugsā pers
PRS3663Ebana ʿEbānā pers
PRS3731ellaAzg ʾƎlla ʾAzgʷāgʷā pers
PRS3735ellasah ʾƎlla Śāhǝl pers
PRS3201CosimoI Cosimo III pers
PRS3329Daneel Dānǝʾel pers
PRS3692egwalas ʾƎgʷāla Ṣǝyon pers
PRS3734ellasah ʾƎlla Ṣaḥām pers
PRS3874eskender ʾƎskǝndǝr pers
PRS3493Delnaod Dǝlnāʿod pers
PRS3175Constant Constantine I pers
PRS3938Ezana ʿEzānā pers
PRS3823Eon ʿEon pers
PRS3429DawitII Dāwit I pers
PRS3858esato ʾƎsāto pers
PRS3468Degnagan Dǝgnāǧān pers
PRS3417David David pers
PRS3729ellaAm ʾƎlla ʿAmidā pers
PRS3430DawitII Dāwit III pers
PRS6643MananLi Manan Liban ʾAmade pers
PRS6537Makattar Makattǝr pers
PRS6859MasqalK Masqal Kǝbrā pers
PRS6229LebnaDe Lǝbna Dǝngǝl pers
PRS6728Mareyye Mārǝyye Gugsā pers
PRS12942Natan śǝyuma ʿagāme Nātān pers
PRS12642WaleWarrababbo Wale pers
PRS12138NikolajII Nikolaj II pers
PRS12537Azzay ʾAzzāy Ba-Kwǝllu pers
PRS12536GabraDengel ʾayta Gabra Dǝngǝl pers
PRS13870GedayKidanu pers
PRS13874Madhen Madḫǝn pers
PRS13947Eleskndros Alexander pers
PRS14300GabraKrestos Gabra Krǝstos pers
PRS14300GabraKrestos Gabra Krǝstos pers