✖Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
✖Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
Shelf marks (full list)Manuscripts (search)List of Digitized ManuscriptsCatalogues EncodedInscriptions
✖We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
Clavis Aethiopica (Works)Narrative UnitsStudies
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
✖While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
Index of decorationsArt KeywordsIlluminations
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
✖We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
PlacesRepositories
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
✖We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
Persons and groupsEthnic units
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
✖This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
BibliographyIndexesProjectsVisualizationsGǝʿǝz Morphological ParserOnline Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae
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Compare manuscripts which contain Gadla samāʿtāt

They are currently 13.

Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, BnF Éthiopien 131 (1200-1200)
Dabub Wallo, Dabra Ḥayq ʾƎsṭifānos, MS EMML no. 1939 (1300-1300)
Bǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, ʿUrā Qirqos, UM-045 (1350-1350)
  • p1_i0 (incomplete), Books of Kings
  • p1_i1 (incomplete), Kings 2 = (Ethiopic) Book of Kings 4 (ff. 1ra-1vb)
  • p2_i1, Homiliary
  • p2_i1.1, Homily by Rǝtuʿa Hāymānot on St John the Baptist (ff. 4ra-4vb ff. 6ra-11vb)
  • p2_i1.2, A homily on the prayer of St John the Baptist (?) (fols. 5ra-vb, 11vb, incipit), hand b
  • p2_i1.3, II-3) Unidentified homily (?) (fols. 12ra-15vb), hand b
  • p2_i1.4, II-4) The story of Eulogius the Hospitable, from the Traditions of ʾAbbā Daniel (fols. 17ra-vb; 19ra-vb), hand b (for the Greek text, s. L. CLUGNET (ed., tr.), Vie et récits de l’abbé Daniel le Scétiote, Paris 1901 (Bibliothèque hagiographique orientale 1))
  • p2_i1.6, II-6) The Story of the Finding of the Holy Cross, for the feast of St Helena (fols. incipit 75ra-vb, 79rb-v), hand b (cp. EMML 1763 (6))
  • p2_i1.7, II-7) Homily by Minas, Bishop of Aksum, on the Glorious Cross (fols. 76r-v, incipit 77r-v, 78r-v, 75ra explicit, leaves in disorder), hand b (cp. EMML 1763 (3))
  • p2_i1.9, II-9) Homily by Minas, Bishop of Aksum, for the feast of the 70 Disciples and the 318 Orthodox Fathers of Nicea (fols. 80r-v, 81ra explicit?), hand b (EMML no. 1763 (7))
  • p2_i1.10, II-10) Homily by anonymous author for commemoration of the 24 Heavenly Priests (fols. 81rb-87vb), end missing, hand b (cp. EMML no. 1763 (17))
  • p2_i1.11, II-11) Homily by Bishop Gregory for Christmas (fol. 148va-vb), beginning, hand b (possibly a translation of Gregory of Nazianzus, Oration 38, s. EAE II, 891b)
  • p2_i1.12, II-12) From the Traditions of ʾAbbā Daniel (fols. 155ra-159vb, leaves randomly sewn together), hand b (for the Greek text, s. L. CLUGENT (ed., tr.), Vie (et récits) de l’abbé Daniel le Scétiote, Paris 1901 (Bibliothèque hagiographique orientale 1)
  • p3_i1, A text concerning the childhood and youth of the Virgin Mary and the birth of Christ (fols. 16ra-vb, 147ra-148va)
  • p3_i2, Is. 5-6 (fol. 18ra-vb)
  • p3_i3, Za-Ḥǝzqǝʾel nabiy “Of Ezekiel the Prophet” (fol. 18vb), incipit,
  • p3_i4, Is. 1 (fol. 98rv)
  • p4_i1, Gadla samāʿtāt
  • p4_i1.1, Martyrdom of Aretha (fols. 20ra-27vb, 50ra-53vb, 67ra-74vb), hand d (s. A. BAUSI, A. GORI (ed., tr.), Tradizioni orientali del “Martirio di Areta”, Firenze 2006 (Quaderni di semitistica 27), §§ 23c-39d, 35b-39d, 13b-23c, resp.; the correct sequence is fols. 67ra-74vb, 20ra-27rb, 50ra-53vb)
  • p4_i1.2, A text on marriage or Pentecost (?) (fol. 49ra-rb), explicit, hand d
  • p4_i1.3, Martyrdom of ʾƎmrayǝs, commemorated on 14 Țerr (fols. 54ra-56rb), in full, hand d (cp. F.M. ESTEVES PEREIRA (ed., tr.), Martyrio de santa Emerayes (ama Heraei), Lisboa 1902; BudgeSyn 494-95)
  • p4_i1.4, Martyrdom of Filǝmon, commemorated on 20 Yakkātit (fols. 56rb-60vb), in full, hand d
  • p4_i1.5, Martyrdom of Arsenofis, Peter and Askriyon, commemorated on 19 Sane (fols. 60vb-66vb), beginning, hand d (cp. C. CONTI ROSSINI, “La Passione del martire Arsenofis e dei suoi compagni nella versione etiopica”, Orientalia nova ser. 3, 1938, 193-214, 319-32)
  • p4_i1.6, Vita and Martyrdom of the Forty Holy soldiers of Cappadocia, commemorated on 13 Maggābit (fol. 88ra explicit, fols. 161vb-162vb beginning), incomplete, hand d (cp. BudgeSyn 690-92)
  • p4_i1.7, Vita and Martyrdom of Theocritus the Reader, commemorated on 17 Maggābit (fols. 88ra-94vb), end missing (cp. BudgeSyn 712-13; probably a part from Gadla Samāʿtāt)
  • p4_i1.8, Martyrdom of St George of Lydda (fol. 95rv), hand d (cp. E.A.W. BUDGE, The History of George of Lydda, The patron Saint of England, London 1930, pp. 87 l.18-88 l.18; the text immediately follows ms. UM-046, fol. 82rv)
  • p4_i1.9, Martyrdom of Aretha (fol. 96rv, in reversed position), hand d
  • p4_i1.10, Various texts from Gadla Samāʿtāt (?) (fols. 99ra-107vb), hand d (fol. 99: Martyrdom of Sofǝya and her three daughters ʾAlaṗis, Ṗistis and ʾAgaṗis)
  • p4_i1.11, A text from Gadla Samāʿtāt (?) (fols. 150ra-153vb), hand d
  • p4_i1.12, Martyrdom of Theodotus (fols. 160ra, 161vb), hand d (cp. BudgeSyn 677-78)
  • p5_i1, Homiliary
  • p5_i1.1, V-1) Homily by an anonymous author for the eight day of Pentecost (fols. 31va-33rb), hand e
  • p5_i1.2, V-2) Homily by Bishop Theophilus [of ʾAksum] for the feast of the Meetingof Priests for 18 Miyāzyā (fols. 33rb-42ra), hand e (cp. EMML 1763 (71), Orient. 8192, no. 23)
  • p5_i1.3, V-3) Homily on St Michael the Archangel [by Yoḥannǝs, Bishop of ʾAksum, for the month of Sane] (fols. 28ra-31rb, 42ra-48rb), hand e (cp. Orient. 8192, no. 27; s. Dǝrsāna Mikāʾel wa-dǝrsāna Gabrǝʾel, Addis Ababā 1954 E.C., 127ff., the correct sequence is 42ra-48rb, 28ra-31rb)
  • p5_i1.4, V-4) Homily by Proclus of Cyzicus (Ṗarāqliṭolos za-hagara Qozqos) on the Passions of Christ (fol. 108ra-112va), complete, hand e (not listed in HMML; Orient. 8192, no. 21, the name of the author is written in the same way)
  • p5_i1.5, V-5) Homily by Theophilus, Bishop of ʾAksum, for Easter (fols. 112vb-118va), complete (?), hand e (cp. EMML 1763 (67); Orient 8192, no. 22)
  • p5_i1.6, V-6) Homily by Theophilus, Bishop of ʾAksum (ʾeṗis qoṗos za-ʾAksum), for the first Sunday after Easter (fols. 118vb-128rb), hand e (cp. EMML 1763 (68), Orient. 8192, no. 23)
  • p5_i1.7, V-7) Homily by John Chrysostom for Ascension Day (fols. 128rb-131vb), complete (?), hand e (not listed in EAE III, 293-95; cp. Orient 8192, no. 25, without the author’s name)
  • p5_i1.8, V-8) Homily by the Orthodox for Pentecost (fols. 131vb-138rb), end missing, hand e (cp. EMML 1763 (76), Orient. 8192, no. 26)
  • p5_i1.9, V-9) Unidentified homily by Bishop Constantine (?) (fols. 138rb-146vb), hand e.
  • p5_i1.10, V-10) A homily on marriage (?) (fol. 149ra-vb), hand e
  • p5_i1.11, V-10) Unidentified homily (?) (fol. 154ra-vb)
    Dabub Wallo, Dabra Ḥayq ʾƎsṭifānos, MS EMML no. 1840 (1400-1400)
      London, British Library, BL Oriental 690 (1400-1400)
      Bǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, ʿUrā Qirqos, UM-018 (1400-1400)
      Ham, Dabra Libānos, Ham 02 Acts of Martyrs (1400-1400)
        London, British Library, BL Oriental 689 (1400-1400)
        London, British Library, BL Oriental 687 (1700-1700)
        Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, BnF Éthiopien d'Abbadie 179 (1700-1700)
        London, British Library, BL Orient 686 (1755-1755)
        ʾƎndartā, Koholo Yoḥannǝs Dabra Betel, KY-001 (1941-1941)
          Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, BnF Éthiopien d'Abbadie 110 (-)