Gadla ʾAzqir
Titles
- ገድል፡ አዝቂር፡ gez (Gadla ʾAzqir gez, Acts of ʾAzqir en)
General description
The hagiographic text is only known in Ethiopic version and transmitted by over twenty manuscripts of the Gadla samāʿtāt. Though composed in a literary garb, the data provided by this document on the Christianization of South Arabia and the religious situation at the time are matched by epigraphic data and later liter-ary traditions and appear to some extent reliable and of historical value. The narrative refers to events which might have taken place in the time span of AD 470-475. It was translated from Arabic, which in its turn based on most probably Greek or Syriac Vorlage (see also Robin 2010
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Witnesses
The following manuscripts are reported in this record as witnesses of the source of the information or the edition here encoded. Please check the box on the right for a live updated list of manuscripts pointing to this record.
- BL Or. 686 = BLW 257: 20 (1755-69): ff. 71vb-72vc (f. 71v: 24 Ḫǝdār); BLW "አዝቂር፡ ቀሲስ፡ ናግራይ፡ ዘመሀረ፡ ክርስቲያነ፡ ቀደማይ፡ በራግራን፡"; BL Orient 686Gadla samāʿtāt
- BL Or. 687-688 = BLW 258: 22 (XVIII s.): ff. 107va-108vc (f. 107v: 24 Ḫǝdār); BL Oriental 687Acts of Saints and Martyrs
- BL Or. 689 = BLW 253: 20 (XV s.): ff. 94va-96va (f. 94v: 24 Ḫǝdār); BLW "አዝቅር፡ ቀሲስ፡ ዘናግራይ፡ (originally ራን፡) ዘመረ፡ (sic) ክርስቲያነ፡ ቀዳሚ፡ በናግራን፡ ሀገር፡"; BL Oriental 689Gadla samāʿtāt
- BNA 110: 27 = BNAC 110: 23 = BNACR 164: 24 (XVIII s.): ff. 180va-182rc (24 Ḫǝdār);
- EMML 1479: 24 (1459-60): ff. 145va-147vb (f. 145v: 24 Ḫǝdār); MS EMML no. 1479EMML 1479
- EMML 2514: 15 (1382-88): ff. 62vb-64rb (f. 62v: 24 Ḫǝdār); EMML "በስመ፡ አብ፡ … ገድል፡ ወስምዕ፡ ዘቅዱስ፡ ሰማዕት፡ አዝቅር፡ ቀሲስ፡ ናግራይ፡ ዘመሀረ፡ ክርስቲያነ፡ ቀዳማይ፡ ዘናግራን፡ ወአግሀድ፡ ክርስቲያነ፡ በመዋዕለ፡ ስራብሔል፡ ዶንክፍ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ሐሜር፡ … ወሰሚዖሙ፡ መኳንንተ። ሀገረ፡ ናግራን፡ …"; MS EMML no. 2514EMML 2514
- EMML 2796: 7 (XIV s.): ff. 94rb-97vb, 153ra-vb, 155ra-vb (f. 94r: 24 Ḫǝdār); EMML "Martyrdom of the priest Aṣqir of Nāgrān. For 24 Ḫǝdār […] The name of the martyr in other sources is Azqir"; MS EMML no. 2796EMML 2796
- EMML 6903: 25 (XV s.): ff. 128ra-129r (f. 128r: 24 Ḫǝdār); MS EMML no. 6903EMML 6903
- EMML 6951: 18 (XV s.): ff. 83rb-85rb (f. 83r: 24 Ḫǝdār); MS EMML no. 6951EMML 6951
- EMML 6965: 18 (XIV s.): 89va-91rb (f. 89v: 24 Ḫǝdār); MS EMML no. 6965EMML 6965
- Ṭānāsee 121 = Dāgā Esṭifānos 10: 18 (1416): A: III: 7: ff. 93ra-94vb (f. 93r: 24 Ḫǝdār); Ṭānāsee 121Gadla samāʿtāt
- Dabra Libānos (XV s.) 20. Ham 02 Acts of Martyrs Acts of Martyrs
Editions Bibliography
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Conti Rossini, C. 1910. ‘Un documento sul cristianesimo nello Iemen ai tempi del re Šarāḥbīl Yakkuf’, Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Rendiconti, Classe di scienze morale, storiche e filologiche, Serie quinta, 19 (1910), 705–750. page 729-738L’opera ha sicuramente avuto un antecedente arabo, per quanto non pervenutoci. Il cristianesimo è nello Yemen in una fase del tutto iniziale, di incertezza, isolamento e precarietà. A corte del re sono molto potenti i giudei, mentre non sembra si possa propriamente parlare di convertiti al giudaismo; il documento è l’unico che copra questo oscuro periodo della storia sud-arabica. Gli Atti di Azqir sono indipendenti dagli altri documenti che trat-tano delle persecuzioni nello Yemen. L’autore mostra una conoscenza diretta o antica della toponomastica del Sud-Arabia; è probabile che l’autore fosse parte egli stesso del luogo. Gli Atti sarebbero allora stati composti in Yemen, da locali, alla fine del VI / inizio del VII sec., e sarebbero stati redatti in siriaco, lingua ufficiale della chiesa yemenita (stando a Nöldeke), da cui in arabo e infine in etiopico, forse a Gerusalemme. Il testo del Gadl è stato edito dai mss.: BL Or. 689, sec. XIV-XV (B); d’Abbadie 110 (A). A, più recente, presenta un testo più cor-retto di B. C’è anche il ms. BL Or. 686 e 687, sec. XVIII. Viene anche aggiunto l’estratto dal Sinassario, BN éth. 126, il cui inno è identico a quello presente nel d’Abbadie 211, contenente la raccolta Egzi’abḥēr nagśa
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Bausi, A. 2017. ‘Il Gadla ʾAzqir’, Adamantius, 23 (2017), 341–380.
Editions Bibliography
Secondary Bibliography
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Robin, C. J. 2010. ‘Nagrān vers l’´epoque du massacre: notes sur l’histoire politique, économique et institutionelle et sur l’introduction du christianisme (avec un réexamen du Martyre d’Azqīr)’, in J. Beaucamp, F. Briquel-Chatonnet, and C. J. Robin, eds, Juifs et chrétiens en Arabie aux Ve et VIe siècles: Regards croisés sur les sources, Collège de France–CNRS, Centre de recherche d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance, Monographies, 32, Le massacre de Najrân, 2 (Paris: Association des amis du Centre d’histoire et civilisation de Byzance, 2010), 39–106. page 80-98
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Witakowski, W. 2003. ‘Azqir: Gädlä Azqir’, in S. Uhlig, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, I (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003), 421b–422a.
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Beeston, A. F. L. 1985. ‘The Martyrdom of Azqir’, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies, 15 (1985), 5–10.
Secondary Bibliography
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Definitions of prefixes used.
This unit, or parts of it, is contained in 3 manuscript records 3 times
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Alessandro Bausi, Eugenia Sokolinski, ʻGadla ʾAzqirʼ, in Alessandro Bausi, ed., Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 2022-01-05) https://betamasaheft.eu/works/LIT1425GadlaA [Accessed: 2024-05-22]
Revisions of the data
- Eugenia Sokolinski Eugenia Sokolinski: added witnesses notes on 5.1.2022
- Eugenia Sokolinski Eugenia Sokolinski: added title inserted text on 12.4.2019
- Alessandro Bausi Alessandro Bausi: provided transcription on 10.4.2019
- Eugenia Sokolinski Eugenia Sokolinski: CREATED: text record on 9.2.2016
Attributions of the contents
Eugenia Sokolinski, contributor