✖Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
✖Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
Shelf marks (full list)Manuscripts (search)List of Digitized ManuscriptsCatalogues EncodedInscriptions
✖We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
Clavis Aethiopica (Works)Narrative UnitsStudies
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
✖While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
Index of decorationsArt KeywordsIlluminations
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
✖We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
PlacesRepositories
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
✖We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
Persons and groupsEthnic units
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
✖This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
BibliographyIndexesProjectsVisualizationsGǝʿǝz Morphological ParserOnline Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae
Help

You are looking at work in progress version of this website. For questions contact the dev team.

Hover on words to see search options.

Double-click to see morphological parsing.

Click on left pointing hands and arrows to load related items and click once more to view the result in a popup.

You can run a simple search which will look in all text indexes. This is the simplest search that we can offer. Check the options below the input box if you want to change the default settings.

Note that you can click on and/or symbols under the search field for additional filters/facets and on to activate the virtual keyboard.

When the results appear you can use facets to narrow your selection. For that, first select the facet (Item type, Author of changes, Keywords, etc.) and then press "refine search results ". Here you can get a list of items given some parameters, like the entity type, without searching for a string. You can play with the filters to restrict the search and you can certainly combine these with a text search. If you know the identifier (ID) of an item (LIT1234name, MS123abc, PRS12345name, etc.) you can paste it here, and you will get it in the results. if you know only a part, eg. LIT20... it will give you all those which match. To reach a given item with its ID, you can also append that to the base URL of the website, https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT1234name and you will be redirected to the correct landing page. If you have at hand the Clavis Aethiopica number of a Textual Unit, e.g. CAe 1234, you can enter it here and the search will point you to that record. We record (unsystematically) corresponding identifiers from other Claves, like CAVT or CANT, here you can select which one you want to look for and search for records pointing to that. We record for each repository information on settlement, region and country. By searching for the identifier of a place the query will look at related places and check for other repositories which may be associated. If you know how to write your XPath, and know the source TEI (available for each file, by appending .xml to the identifier of the record) you will be able to run that query against the db here. Not all possible paths are optimized. Parallel to the XML, also an RDF triple store is maintained by the project. Here you get an interface to the SPARQL endpoint. You can add your SPARQL query and see the results available.
In the search mask above, you can search for text, below there are options and you can add filters ( ). You can then use facets to narrow your selection.
But text is not all you can search for. In the top menu you can switch to other types of queries and searches which rely on different indexes and data formats. You can check this box to use 'smart' ranking, where a higher score is assigned to hits in placeName, persName, title or to records with text or an occupation element. This will make you wait a bit more. If running a text search, you can select the type of text search. This determines how the single words which you enter are matched in the indexes here By default the search will use OR as an operator, which means that if you search two words you will get hits which contain one OR the other. You may wish to use AND to get the matches which contain your first word AND your second word. If you want them in that particular order, consider using phrase mode from the search type. Click on this plus button to see a series of additional options for your search. If you wish to search for a given word in the hands descriptions and another word in the decorations, here you can do that, using fields. This may help you enter characters which are not immediately present on your keyboard. Keep a letter pressed for additional forms. Use Shift and Alt for alternative keyboards. Instead of the pointer you can use your own keyboard with these values when active. Homophones are mechanically replaced for you, so that for example, if you search for one of 'ሀ', 'ሐ', 'ኀ', 'ሃ', 'ሓ', 'ኃ' we will search for all of them. If you deselect this checkbox the list of homophones will not be considered and only the exact string you searched will be passed on. Homophones are not replaced for search strings longer than 10 characters and is not applied in all modes. If you entered a search string for a Gǝʿǝz string, either typing it in Fidal or in a transliteration format, we can try to convert it and search also the other form. If you entered ወልደ the search engine will look also for walda. If you entered walda also for ወልደ. This depends on the availability of the alternate form.

You can enter above your SPARQL query to the RDF representation of the data stored in Apache Jena Fuseki. Please use single quotes ' not double.

PREFIXes are already there (see below), so you can start with SELECT. If you prefer to use your prefixes, do so, no problem. A super tutorial on how to build SPARQL queries is here at Apache Jena.

Results do not have facets and are presented as they are requested in the query from the SPARQL response.



PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX lawd: <http://lawd.info/ontology/>
PREFIX oa: <http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#>
PREFIX ecrm: <http://erlangen-crm.org/current/>
PREFIX crm: <http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/>
PREFIX gn: <http://www.geonames.org/ontology#>
PREFIX agrelon: <http://d-nb.info/standards/elementset/agrelon.owl#>
PREFIX rel: <http://purl.org/vocab/relationship/>
PREFIX dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
PREFIX bm: <https://betamasaheft.eu/>
PREFIX pelagios: <http://pelagios.github.io/vocab/terms#>
PREFIX syriaca: <http://syriaca.org/documentation/relations.html#>
PREFIX saws: <http://purl.org/saws/ontology#>
PREFIX snap: <http://data.snapdrgn.net/ontology/snap#>
PREFIX pleiades: <https://pleiades.stoa.org/>
PREFIX wd: <https://www.wikidata.org/>
PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
PREFIX skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
PREFIX t: <http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0>
PREFIX sdc: <https://w3id.org/sdc/ontology#>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>

You can also use the API to query the SPARQL endpoint, using https://betamasaheft.eu/api/SPARQL with the query in a parameter q. The results are SPARQL Query Results XML Format, as the one visualized below.

In the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines you can find the OWLDoc Documentation and a visualization thanks to webVOWL of the current ontology developed with Protégé.

Some examples of the data you are querying

Documentation on Linked Open Data can be found here.

Examples:
Search for female donors: "SELECT ?ms ?person WHERE { ?annotation a bm:donor ; oa:hasBody ?person ; oa:hasTarget ?ms . ?ms a bm:mss . ?person foaf:gender 'female' . } "
Manuscripts with a patron of the imperial family: "SELECT DISTINCT ?manuscript ?patron ?relation ?ruler WHERE{ ?annotation a bm:patron ; oa:hasTarget ?manuscript ; oa:hasBody ?patron . ?manuscript a bm:mss . ?patron snap:hasBond ?bondName . ?bondName rdf:type ?relation ; snap:bond-with ?ruler . ?ruler snap:occupation 'Emperor' . }"
Mountains mentioned in Liturgy manuscripts: "SELECT DISTINCT ?mountain ?manuscript WHERE { ?att oa:hasBody ?mountain ; oa:hasTarget ?manuscript . ?manuscript a bm:mss ; a bm:Liturgy . ?mountain a bm:place ; pleiades:hasFeatureType in <https://betamasaheft.eu/authority-files/mountain> . } LIMIT 50"

The results presented here are visualized with d3sparql

Enter above your XPath 3.0 query to the data. (You can alternatively use the old XPath search page here) Please, use t: namespace for TEI elements. The starting point of any Xpath should be $config:collection-root if you are searching the entire dataset.

NB: if you are a member of the BM GitHub organization and work with Oxygen you may run your XPath Queries directly in your Oxygen project; in this case start the string directly with //TEI.

You can also use, as a cached and short form to point to collections the following variables: $config:collection-rootMS for manuscripts; $config:collection-rootW for Textual Units $config:collection-rootPl for places; $config:collection-rootPr for persons; $config:collection-rootIn for repositories; $config:collection-rootA for authority files.

Examples:
Persons marked up in colophons: $config:collection-rootMS//t:colophon[t:persName]
Manuscripts with at least 26 additions: $config:collection-rootMS//t:additions/t:list/t:item[@xml:id='a26']
Manuscripts with a text marked up as Amharic: $config:collection-rootMS//t:TEI[descendant::t:textLang[@mainLang='am' or @otherLangs='am']]
Manuscripts with additions that contain something tagged Amharic: $config:collection-rootMS//t:TEI[not(contains(@xml:id, 'IHA'))]//t:additions[descendant::t:*[@xml:lang='am']]
Records with the title with the subtype inscriptio: $config:collection-root//t:title[contains(@subtype,'inscriptio')]
Manuscripts that have at least 31 quires: $config:collection-rootMS//t:collation/t:list[count(t:item) ge 31]
Manuscripts where a roleName appears: $config:collection-rootMS//t:roleName
Additons of the type OwnershipNote: $config:collection-rootMS//t:additions/t:list/t:item[t:desc[@type='OwnershipNote']]
Place records revised in 2022: $config:collection-rootPl//t:revisionDesc/t:change[contains(concat(' ', @when, ' '), '2022')]
Work records that contain "Senodos" inside title: $config:collection-rootW//t:titleStmt/t:title[contains(.,'Senodos')]
Works that contain the string "Senodos" somewhere: $config:collection-rootW//*[contains(.,'Senodos')]
Person record which have at least some attribute for birth and death (can be when, notBefore, notAfter) elements and occupation type ruler: $config:collection-rootPr//t:person[t:birth[@*]][t:death[@*]][t:occupation[@type='ruler']]
Manuscripts with miniatures in them: $config:collection-rootMS//t:decoDesc[t:decoNote[@type='miniature']]
Manuscripts with an addition element typed Ownership Note followed by another one with type Supplication: $config:collection-rootMS//t:additions/t:list/t:item[t:desc[@type='OwnershipNote']][following-sibling::t:item[t:desc[@type='Supplication']]]

Here you can differentiate your search by looking at the text of constructed strings from specific portions of the data. You can search for records which have a word occurring in the decoration and another in the content description, for example.















Resource type
manuscript12
General
Abreham Adugna1
Denis Nosnitsin12
Eugenia Sokolinski3
Iosif Fridman2
Magdalena Krzyzanowska3
Pietro Maria Liuzzo12
Sophia Dege-Müller3
Stéphane Ancel3
Susanne Hummel1
Vitagrazia Pisani2
2020-08-111
2019-04-253
2019-06-201
2019-11-141
2019-12-301
2016-01-081
2016-05-1012
2015-01-311
2015-02-121
2015-02-261
2015-09-131
2014-06-171
2014-08-191
2014-08-201
2014-08-271
2014-09-011
2014-09-111
2014-09-191
2014-10-201
2014-11-161
2013-01-291
2013-07-051
2013-09-131
2013-09-231
2013-09-302
2012-08-011
2012-08-041
2011-08-181
2011-09-051
2010-12-0112
Leaf string marker1
Apocrypha3
Christian Literature1
Hagiography2
Homily3
Liturgy1
Missal2
New Testament1
Old Testament1
Prayers1
Religion1
Rituals and Rites1
Theology2
Amharic2
English12
Gǝʿǝz 9
Manuscripts
Thread1
leather6
other2
textile1
wood12
Ethio-SPaRe12
12
29
33
complete2
deficient6
good6
Gǝbra Ḥǝmāmāt1
Hāymānota ʾabaw with Maṣḥafa ṭomār1
Taʾāmmǝra Māryām "Miracles of Mary"1
17001
17301
17351
17551
18002
18301
18501
19001
19021
19741
16001
16821
17003
17211
18003
18501
19711
1051
441
501
602
651
701
752
801
901
951
Codex12
1601
1751
1831
1951
2151
2301
2451
2851
3001
3601
3851
4001
no10
yes2
Thread1
parchment12
03
12
32
42
61
71
91
012
101
13
26
51
71
15
25
32
012
012
13
27
381
41
127.01
129.01
140.01
155.01
169.01
179.01
220.01
229.01
233.01
72.01
79.01
91.01
no12
Gʷāḥgot ʾIyasus12
Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C.1
Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C. 2
Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C. 2
Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C.7
Ruling pattern: 1A-1A/0-0/0-0/C. 1
Ruling pattern: 1A-1A/0-0/0-0/C.1
The ruling pattern for the canon tables is different.1
Gabra Ṣǝyon1
Ṣǝge Dǝngǝl1
Za-Walda Māryām1
Ethiopic12
only metadata12
bindingMaterial12
Endbands12
frame4
miniature3
Other12
SewingStations1
Excommunication1
GuestText2
MalkeHymn1
OwnershipNote1
PoemSalam1
RecordDistribution1
RecordTransaction1
findingAid7
1201
1502
1551
1852
2101
2351
2801
3201
3401
3601
141
152
161
171
191
201
211
223
251
302
311
351
Textual and Narrative Units
only metadata12
Places and Repositories
Persons and Groups
ethnic12
n/a12
individual12

There are 12 entities matching your text query for "" with the parameters shown at the right. (searched: )

Search time: 1.308 seconds.
mode: anysearchType: textreporef: INS0117GBI
    title
    hits count
    first three keywords in context
    item-type specific options
    stubmanuscriptsESgbi001TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-001
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-001
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 169.0 leaves. It has 2 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: First half of 19th century.(?). There is 1 hand described with Ethiopic script attested. The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi002TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-002
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-002
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 140.0 leaves. It has 24 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: 1682-1706 or 1730-55. King ʾIyāsu, mentioned in the supplication formulas throughout the Ms. and in the subscriptio at the end of the text can be King ʾIyāsu I (r. 1682-1706) or ʾIyāsu II (r. 1730-55).. There are The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi004TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-004
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-004
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 229.0 leaves. It has 2 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: 18th cent. (?). There are The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi005TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-005
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-005
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 129.0 leaves. It has 2 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: Beginning of the 19th cent.. There are The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi006TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-006
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-006
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 233.0 leaves. It has 3 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: The colophon indicates that the Ms. was completed on the 14th year after the coronation of King Fāsiladas (r. 1632-67).. There is 1 hand described with Ethiopic script attested. The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    No persons related to this manuscripts are known.

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi007TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-007
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-007
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 91.0 leaves. It has 2 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: 18th cent. (?). There are The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi008TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-008
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-008
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 220.0 leaves. It has 1 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: . There is 1 hand described with Ethiopic script attested. The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi009TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-009
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-009
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 179.0 leaves. It has 2 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: . There are The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    No persons related to this manuscripts are known.

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi010TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-010
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-010
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 79.0 leaves. It has 2 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: 19th cent. (?). There are The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi011TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-011
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-011
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 155.0 leaves. It has 1 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: 17th cent. (?). There is 1 hand described with Ethiopic script attested. The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    No persons related to this manuscripts are known.

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi012TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-012
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-012
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 127.0 leaves. It has 1 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: . There is 1 hand described with Ethiopic script attested. The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons

    stubmanuscriptsESgbi013TEI
    Gāntā ʾAfašum, Gwāḥgot ʾIyasus, GBI-013
    0 in
    Signatures
    GBI-013
    Short Description
    This parchment codex is composed of 72.0 leaves. It has 1 main content units in 1 codicological unit. Available dates of origin in the description: According to Additio 2, the Ms. was donated to the church of ʾIyasus in 1894 year of mercy (= 1901/02 A.D.).. There are The description includes a collation of the quires.
    placespersonsrelations

    List of related persons