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Egypt, Dayr as-Suryān, DS Ethiop. 7

Dorothea Reule, Denis Nosnitsin

Newly catalogued in Beta maṣāḥǝft

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/DSEthiop7
Dayr as-Suryān[view repository]

Collection: Ethiopic

Other identifiers: مسلسل ٧١٢, Serial Number 712, ٦١٨ ب طقوس, 618 B Liturgy ,

Places IndexPersons IndexGeneralDescriptionPhysical DescriptionAuthors

General description

Book of the Hours, Nicene Creed, poems, and other textsلأجبية (كتاب الساعات)، قانون الإيمان النيقاوي، مع قصائد وغيرها من النصوص

Number of Text units: 13

Number of Codicological units: 1

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Origin

النصف الأول من القرن العشرين، رُبَّما عام ١٩٢٨/١٩٢٧ First half of the twentieth century, possibly 1927/1928 . The first colophon identifies role: title Barhe as the owner. According to the second colophon, the manuscript was completed in 1927/1928, the owner and the scribe was role: title Ṗāwlos of Dabra Bizan scribe .

Summary

  1. ms_i1 (check the viewerFols 1r–50r ), Maṣḥafa saʿātāt
  2. ms_i2 (check the viewerFols 50r–51r ), Nicene Creed
  3. ms_i3 (check the viewerFols 51r–67r ), Explications to the treatise ʾAmmǝstu ʾaʿmāda mǝśṭir (‘The Five Pillars of Mystery’)
  4. ms_i4 (check the viewerFols 67r–68r ), Quṣǝr baʿālāt za-ʿābiy wa-za-nǝʾus
  5. ms_i5 (check the viewerFols 68v–69v ), Baʾǝnta śǝllāseka
  6. ms_i6 (check the viewerFols 69v–72v ), Saʾali lana Māryām saʾali lana Māryām ḫaba waldǝki ḫer madhane ʿālam
  7. ms_i7 (check the viewerFols 72v–73v ), Sǝbḥāta fǝqur za-Giyorgis
  8. ms_i8 (check the viewerFols 73v–75v ), Sǝbḥata fǝqur za-Gabra Manfas Qǝddus
  9. ms_i9 (check the viewerFols 75v–78v ), Liṭon
  10. ms_i10 (check the viewerFols 78r–82r ), Kidān za-nagh
  11. ms_i11 (check the viewerFols 82v–85r ), Mastabqʷǝʿān
  12. ms_i12 (check the viewerFols 85r–85v ), Malkǝʾa Māryām
  13. ms_i13 (check the viewerFols 85v–88r ), Māḫbara mǝʾmanān

Contents

check the viewerFols 1r–50r Maṣḥafa saʿātāt (CAe 3575)

Language of text:

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ):ነሢዕየ፡ ማዕተበ፡ ለወልደ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አአትብ፡ በሥላሴ፡ ለእመኒ፡ ወደቁ፡ አቲብየ፡ እትነሣእ፡ በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኃይለ፡ መሰቀሉ፡ ዕትመረጐዝ፨ ሃሌ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሃሌ፡ ለያ፡ አአትብ፡ ወእትነሣእ፡ በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ): check the viewerFol. 50r እግዚአብሔር፡ ይባርክነ፡ ለአግብርቲሁ፡ በሰላም፡ ስርየተ፡ ይኵነነ፡ ዘተመጣነ፡ ወደምከ፡ ሐብነ፡ ወምንፈስ፡ ንኪድ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኃይሎ፡ ለጸላኢ፡ በረከተ፡ እእዴከ፡ ቅድስት፡ እንተ፡ ምሕረት፡ ኪያሃ፡ ንሴፎ፡ ኵልነ፡ እምኵለ፡ ምግባረ፡ ዕኩይ፡ አግሕሐነ፡ ወውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ምግባረ፡ ሠናይ፡ ደምረነ፨ ቡሩክ፡ ዘወሀበነ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ቅዱሰ፡ ወደሞ፡ ክቡረ፡ ጸጋ፡ ነሣእነ፡ ወሕይወተ፡ ረከብነ፡ በኃይለ፡ ወሰቀለ፡ ኦኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ኪያከ፡ እግዚኦ፡ ነአኵት፡ ነሣአነ፡ ጸጋ፡ ዘእመንፈስ፡ ቅድይስ፨ ይዲ፡ እትው፡ በሰላም፨ ፨ ፨ ፨ ፨ ፨ ፨

(A version of the work similar to Tasfā Gabra Śǝllāse 1954b, but with omissions. A small portion of the text at the beginning is missing. The beginning of the text corresponds to Tasfā Gabra Śǝllāse 1954b. )
check the viewerFols 50r–51r Nicene Creed (CAe 3308)

Language of text:

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ):ጸሎተ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ነአምን፡ ፩አምላክ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ አኃዜ፡ ኵሉ፡ ገባሬ፡ ሰማያት፡ ወምድር፡ ዘያስተርአ፡ ወዘ

ኢያስተርኢ፡ ወነአምን፡ በ፩ እግ[...]ommission by እ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወልደ፡ አ[ብ፡(?)]supplied by Denis Nosnitsin ዋሕድ፡ ዘህልው፡ ምስሌሆሁ፡ እም[፡(?)]supplied by Denis Nosnitsin ቅድደመ፡ ይትፈጠር፡ አለም፡ ብርሃን፡ ዘምብርን፡ አምላክ፡ ዘእምአምላክ፡ ዘበአማን፡ ዘተወልደ፡ ወአኮ፡ ዘተገብረ፡ ዘእሩይ፡ ምስለ፡ አብ፡ በመለኮቱ፡

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ):ወነአምን፡ በሐቲ፡ ጥምቀት፡ ለሥርየተ፡ ኃጢአት፡ ወንሲፎ፡ ትንሣኤ፡ ሙታን፡ ወሕይወተ፡ ዘይመጸእ፡ ለዓለም፡ ዓለም፨ ፨ ፨

check the viewerFols 51r–67r Explications to the treatise ʾAmmǝstu ʾaʿmāda mǝśṭir (‘The Five Pillars of Mystery’) (CAe 5400)

Language of text:

( Possibly incomplete, some leaves between check the viewerfols. 66, and check the viewer67 appear to be cut away (stubs are visible).)

Incipit ( Tigrinya ): በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ፩አምላክ፡ ኢልና፡ ንምእመናን፡ ንዓቢይ፡ ንንእሸቶ፡ ጥቅም፡ ዚከውን፡ ካብ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ሒደቶ፡ ካብ፡ ነዊኅ፡ ሐፂር፡ ስለዝበልናዮ፡ ግን፡ ሐፂር፡ አኰነን፡ አብ፡ ቅዱሳት፡ መጻሕፍት፡ ዘሎ፡ ምሥጢር፡ ዘይጐደለ፡ እዩ፡ ፭ተ፡ አእማደ፡ ምስጢር፡ ናይ፡ ፯መዓልቲ፡

ስነ፡ ፍጥረት፡ ንጽሕፈልኩም፡ አሎና፡

Explicit ( Tigrinya ):ሶሰነተይ፡ በሶሰነተይ፡ አንድነተይ፡ አሎኒ፡ ንማለት፡ ሰተ፡ ሰተ፡ ግብር፡ ፈጠረሎም፡ ተፈጸመት፡ ዛቲ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ በሰላመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አሜን፨ ተፈጸመ፡ በዕለተ፡ ረቡዕ

check the viewerFols 67r–68r Quṣǝr baʿālāt za-ʿābiy wa-za-nǝʾus (CAe 5407)

Language of text: and Gǝʿǝz

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ): ቁጽር፡ በዓላት፡ ዘዓቢይ፡ ወዘንኡስ፡ ሠረቀ፡ መስከረም፡ ፩ቅዱስ፡ዮሐንስ፡ በርተሎሜዎስ፡ ኢዮብ፡

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ):አመ፡ ፬ለታኅሣሥ፡ እንድርያስ፡ ሐዋርያ ፨

check the viewerFols 68v–69v Baʾǝnta śǝllāseka (CAe 1191)

Language of text:

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ): በእንተ፡ ስላሴከ፡ እግዘኦ፡ በእንተ፡ በእንተ፡ እግዘኦ፡ ተ፡ በእንተ፡ ኅላዌዌከ፡ (!) sic by Denis Nosnitsin እግዘኦ፡ ተሣሃለኒ፡

check the viewerFols 69v–72v Saʾali lana Māryām saʾali lana Māryām ḫaba waldǝki ḫer madhane ʿālam (CAe 4960)

Language of text:

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ): ተዓብዮ፡ ነፍስየ፡ ለእግዚአብኄር፡ በል፡ ፫ጊዜ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ በስመ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ሥላሴ፡ ብሂልየ፡ ወጠንኩ፡ ዘለኪ፡ ውዳሴ፨ ማርያም፡ እኅቱ፡ ለሙሴ፡ ሰአሊ፡ ለነ፨ ማርያም፡ ወልኪ፡ መድሃኔ፡ ዓለም፡ ንዒ፡ ንዒ፡ ማርያም፡ ዘትነብሪ፡ በአርያም፡

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ):ማርያም፡ እሙ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ በኪዳንኪ፡ ድንግል፡ ተማኅጸነ፡ ፫ጊዜ፡ በል፨

(Possibly incomplete, some folia may be missing since stubs are visible between check the viewerfols. 71, and check the viewer72 .)
check the viewerFols 72v–73v Sǝbḥāta fǝqur za-Giyorgis (CAe 4957)

Language of text:

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ): ሰአል፡ ለነ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡ሰማዕተ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ነአ፡ ነአ፨ ጊዮርጊስ፡ እንተ፡ ትሰርር፡ በፈረስ፡

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ):ጊዮር፡ ሰማዕት፡ ፍጡነ፡ ረድኤት፡ ሐውፀነ፡ በምኅረት፡ ወተራድአነ፡ በቅጽበት፡፡

Colophon

check the viewerFol. 73v

Translation Tigrinya : ተፈጸመ፡ በዕለተ፡ ሠሉስ፡ እዚ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ናይ፡ በርሄ ፡ እዩ፡፡

(Short colophon written in the main hand (Hand 1), mentioning only the day of the week (Tuesday), followed by a Tigrinya note stating that the manuscript was owned by Barhe .)

check the viewerFols 73v–75v Sǝbḥata fǝqur za-Gabra Manfas Qǝddus (CAe 5689)

Language of text:

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ): ሰአል፡ለነ፡ ገብረ፡ ሕይወት፡ ነአ፡ ነአ፡ ገብረ፡ መንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ ተጽኢነከ፡ በዝባነ፡ መብረቅ፡

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ):ሰ፡ ለ፡ ሩፋ፡ ለመኑ፡ እነግር፡ ኀዘነ፡ ልብየ፡ እንበለከ፨ ሩፋ፡ ፍቁርየ፡ ጸሎትየ፨፨

check the viewerFols 75v–78v Liṭon (CAe 3188)

Language of text:

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ):ዘሊቃውንት፡ ልጦን፡ ዘስኑይ፡ ወካዕበ፡ ናስተበቍዕ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ ይእኅዝ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ወመድኃኒነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እንዘ፡ ነአኵት፡ እስመ፡ ዓቀበነ፡ በኑኃ፡ ሌሊት፡ ወአብጽሐነ፡ እምጽልመት፡ ውስተ፡ ብርሃን፡ እሙስና፨ ውስተ፡ ዘኢይማስን፡ እምእያምሮ፡ ውስተ፡ አእምሮ፡ አማን፨

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ):ወሚጥ፡ መዓተከ፡ እምኔነ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ እግዚኦ፨

(Litanies for the days of the week. The text is divided into portions for the days of the week (after the part for Monday: ዘሰሉስ, ዘረቡዕ, ዘሐሙስ, ዘአርብ, ዘቀዳም).)
check the viewerFols 78r–82r Kidān za-nagh (CAe 1716)

Language of text:

Inscriptio (Gǝʿǝz ): ኪዳን፡ ዘነግህ፡

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ):ኪዳን፡ ዘነግህ፡ ቅዱስ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኃያል፡ ቅዱስ፡ ኃያል፡ ዘኢይመውት፡ ዘተወልደ፡ እማርያም፡ እምቅድስት፡ ድንግል፡ ተሣሃለነ፡ እግዚኦ፨

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ):ለከ፡ እንዘ፡ ንዌድሶ፡ ወኢነዓርፍ፡ ለዝሉፉ፡ ነበአልባቢነ፡ ናሰተማስል፡ አምሳለ፡ ምንግሥትከ፡ ቦቱ፡ በእንቲአከ፡ ወበእንተ፡ ፍቁር፡ ወልድከ፡ እግዚእነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘቦቱ፡ ለከ፡ ስብሐት፡ ወእኂዝ፡ ለዓለም፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፨

check the viewerFols 82v–85r Mastabqʷǝʿān (CAe 4711)

Language of text:

Inscriptio (Gǝʿǝz ): ዘአርያም፡

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ):ዘአርያም፡ ናስተበቍዕ፡ ዘኵሎ፡ይእኅዝ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አብ፡ ለእግዚእ፡ ወመድኃኒነ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ እንዘ፡ ነአኵቶ፡

በኵሉ፡ ወበውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ እስመ፡ ከደነነ፡ ወረድአነ፡ ሰቈነ፡ ወአብጽሐነ፡ እስከ፡ ዛቲ፡ ሰዓት፨

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ): ነሐዩ፡ በኵሉ፡ አምልኮ፡ ሠናይ፡ በፈሪሃ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ወበኂሩት፡ ንትረክብ፡ በክርስቶስ፨ በ፩ወልድከ፡ በል፨

(Litanic prayers called here ዘአርያም፡, starting with the part called in the modern Missal መስተብቍዓን፡ ዘይበቍዕ፡ በጸሎት፡ በእንተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ግብር፡፡, see Anon. 1969.)
check the viewerFols 85r–85v Malkǝʾa Māryām (CAe 2891)

Language of text:

Inscriptio (Gǝʿǝz ): መልክአ፡ ማርያም፡

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ):ሰላም፡ ሰላም፡ ለዝክረ፡ ስምኪ፡ ኃዋዝ፡ እምነ፡ ከልበኔ

(Only a few initial lines are present in the manuscript.)
check the viewerFols 85v–88r Māḫbara mǝʾmanān (CAe 2733)

Language of text:

Inscriptio (Gǝʿǝz ): ማኅበረ፡ ምእመናን፡

Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ):ማኅበረ፡ መዕመናን<፡>supplied by Denis Nosnitsinወመዕመናት፡ እለ፡ ኪያከ፡ ተአመኑ፡ ለነሢአ፡ ሥጋከ፡

Explicit (Gǝʿǝz ): ግነዩ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ እስመ፡ ምሕረቱ፨ አቢይ፡ ኃይሉ፡ ወብዙኅ፡ አኰቴቱ፨ እምልክሙ፡ በቀለ፡ እንዘ፡ ተአትቱ፨ እስመ፡ መሐሪ፡ አምላክነ፡ ወጻድቅ፡ ባሕቲቱ፨ ግነየ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ወኀበ፡ ማርያም፡ ሰአሉ፨ እንተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ሥጋሁ፡ ንጽሕት፡ አባሉ፨ ሕሊና

ክሙ፡ ሰማየ፡ እንዘ፡ ታሌዕሉ፨ ከመ፡ ትትባልሁ፡ እምግባረ፡ እከይ፡ ኵሉ፨ መሐረኒ፡ አምላክነ፡ ወአቡነ፡ በሉ፨፨፨

Colophon

check the viewerFol. 88r

Translation Gǝʿǝz : ዝሰአታት፡ ዘአቡነ፡ role: title ጰውሎስ፡ scribe ዘደብረ፡ ቢዘን፡↗ ዘጸሐፋ በእዴሁ<፡>supplied by Denis Nosnitsin በ፲፱፻፳ዓመተ<፡>supplied by Denis Nosnitsinምሕረት<፡>supplied by Denis Nosnitsin

(Short colophon written in pencil in a very crude recent hand, poorly visible, probably added later. It states that the text was written by role: title Ṗāwlos of Dabra Bizan↗ in the year 1920 of the Era of Mercy (=1927/1928 CE) .)

Additions In this unit there are in total 1 .

  1. check the viewerFol. iv (Type: OwnershipNote)

    Ownership note stating that the manuscript belongs to role: title Barhe . The name is not written clearly (the ink of the second and third characters is smeared).

    ( gez ) ዝመጽሐፍ፡ ዘኀለቃ፡ role: title በሬሄ (!) sic by Denis Nosnitsin owner

  2. check the viewerFol. iv

    The name of the monk Būlus al-Ḥabašī , in Arabic.

    ( ar ) الراهب بولس الحبشي

Extras

  1. check the viewerFols. ir, iiv

    Stamps of Dayr as-Suryān↗ .

    Text in Arabic

  2. check the viewerFol. ir

    Arabic shelfmark.

    ( ar ) مسلسل ٧١٢

  3. check the viewerFol. ir

    Arabic shelfmark.

    ( ar ) ٦١٨ ب طقوس

  4. check the viewerFol. ir

    Arabic title.

    ( ar ) صلوات

  5. check the viewerFol. ir

    Arabic scribbles (year dates) in pencil.

    Text in Arabic

  6. check the viewerFol. ir

    Arabic note in pencil.

    ( ar ) الراهب بولس

  7. check the viewerFol. ir

    Ethiopic scribbles.

    Text in Gǝʿǝz

  8. check the viewerFol. 89v

    Arabic scribbles of the name of Ṗāwlos and year dates (1944, 1945, 1952 and 1932).

    ( ar ) الراهب ابونا role: title بولس الحبشي الراهب ابونا role: title بولس الحبشي ١٩٥٢ ١٩٤٤ ١٩٣٢ ١٩٤٥

  9. check the viewerFol. iiv

    Ethiopic scribbles.

  10. check the viewerFol. iiv

    Arabic year dates in pencil.

    ( ar ) ١٩٥٤ ١٩٥٢

Administrative Information

(A recent paper sheet containing a brief (not quite clear) description of the manuscript in Arabic is placed inside it. It states that the manuscript was copied from Barhe as a personal copy. On the verso, there is a description of Egypt, Dayr as-Suryān, DS Ethiop. 8.)

Physical Description

Form of support

Paper Codex

The manuscript is a re-utilised industrially produced Italian notebook. For writing, the notebook has been turned upside down. The title ‘Quaderno’ now appears inverted at the end (check the viewerfol. iiv ).

Extent

+NaN (leaf) .Entered as i+89+ii ١ + ٨٩ + ٢ ورقة (leaf) .Entered as ١ + ٨٩ + ٢ ورقة 210 160 30 ٢١٠ ١٦٠ ٣٠
Outer dimensions
Height 210mm
Width 160mm
Depth 30mm
Outer dimensions
Height ٢١٠mm
Width ١٦٠mm
Depth 30mm

Foliation

Foliation in pencil in the bottom centre of the recto.

State of preservation

good

Condition

The manuscript shows light traces of use. There are occasional stains in the bottom margins (check the viewerfols. 81v, 82r ), and some leaves have small tears in the margins. The cover is damaged by humidity, the outer

Binding

The binding is made of two rectangular pieces of soft whitish leather glued together, wrapping the text block above the blue synthetic cover. The overback is made of brown leather. The slit-braid Ethiopian endbands are intact.

Binding material

leather

cardboard

paper

Layout

Layout note 1(check the viewerFols 1r–88r )

Number of columns: 1

Number of lines: 22

H 170mm
W 115mm
Margins
top mm
bottom mm
right mm
left mm
(Data on text area and margin dimensions taken from check the viewerfol. 34r .)

Ms Egypt, Dayr as-Suryān, DS Ethiop. 7 main part

looks ok for measures computed width is: 115mm, object width is: 160mm, computed height is: 170mm and object height is: 210mm. but the following values are recognized as empty: top marginbottom marginright marginleft margin

Palaeography

  • Hand 1

    Script: Ethiopic

    Late nineteenth-/early twentieth-century script.

    Ink: Black, red.

    Date: Late 19th - early 20th century

    check the viewerFols 1r–88r Late 19th - early 20th century Careful but not very regular; by a mediocre scribe (name: Ṗāwlos of Dabra Bizan scribe ).

      • Publication Statement

      authority
      Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik
      publisher
      Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
      pubPlace
      Hamburg
      availability
      This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.
      date
      type=expanded
      2.9.2024 at 12:03:08
      date
      type=lastModified
      15.12.2020
      idno
      type=collection
      manuscripts
      idno
      type=url
      https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/DSEthiop7/main
      idno
      type=URI
      https://betamasaheft.eu/DSEthiop7
      idno
      type=filename
      DSEthiop7.xml
      idno
      type=ID
      DSEthiop7
    info value
    Standard date 1920 of the Era of Mercy (=1927/1928 CE)
    Date in current calendar 1920
    Calendar ethiopian
    info value
    Standard date ፲፱፻፳ዓመተ<፡>supplied by Denis Nosnitsinምሕረት<፡>supplied by Denis Nosnitsin
    Date in current calendar 1920
    Calendar ethiopian

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    Suggested citation of this record

    Dorothea Reule, Denis Nosnitsin, ʻEgypt, Dayr as-Suryān, DS Ethiop. 7ʼ, in Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 2020-12-15) https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/DSEthiop7 [Accessed: 2024-12-23]

    To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

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    Revision history

    • Dorothea Reule Continued description and revision on 15.12.2020
    • Denis Nosnitsin Continued description and revision on 15.12.2020
    • Dorothea Reule Continued description on 17.4.2020
    • Dorothea Reule Created catalogue entry on 1.3.2018
    • Denis Nosnitsin Recorded manuscript on 26.2.2018
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    Attribution of the content

    Alessandro Bausi, general editor

    Dorothea Reule, editor

    Denis Nosnitsin, editor

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.