✖Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
✖Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
Shelf marks (full list)Manuscripts (search)List of Digitized ManuscriptsCatalogues EncodedInscriptions
✖We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
Clavis Aethiopica (Works)Narrative UnitsStudies
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
✖While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
Index of decorationsArt KeywordsIlluminations
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
✖We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
PlacesRepositories
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
✖We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
Persons and groupsEthnic units
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
✖This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
BibliographyIndexesProjectsVisualizationsGǝʿǝz Morphological ParserOnline Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae
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Compare manuscripts which contain Liṭon

They are currently 14.

Saint Petersburg, Institut Vostočnyh Rukopisej Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, IV Orlov 33 (1600-1600)
Saint Petersburg, Rossijskaja Nacionalnaja Biblioteka, RNB SPbDA B III 11 (1700-1700)
  • ms_i1 (complete), Maṣḥafa qǝddāse (ff. 3r-)
  • ms_i1.1 (complete), Prefatory part (ff. 3r-)
  • ms_i1.1.1 (complete), Kidān za-nagh (ff. 3r-)
  • ms_i1.1.2 (complete), Mastabqʷǝʿān (ff. 6v-)
  • ms_i1.1.3 (incomplete), Za-yǝnaggǝś (ff. 7v-)
  • ms_i1.1.4 (complete), Liṭon (ff. 8v-)
  • ms_i1.1.5 (complete), Mastabqʷǝʿān, መስተብቍዕ፡ ዘሙታን። (ff. 8v-)
  • ms_i1.2 (complete), Anaphoras (ff. 16v-)
  • ms_i1.2.1 (complete), ʾAkkʷateta qʷǝrbān za-Yoḥannǝs ʾAfa Warq (ff. 16v-)
  • ms_i1.2.2 (complete), ʾAkkʷateta qʷǝrbān za-darasu 318 rǝtuʿāna hāymānot (ff. 19r-)
  • ms_i1.2.3 (complete), ʾAkkʷateta qʷǝrbān za-ʾAtnātewos (ff. 20v-)
  • ms_i1.2.4 (complete), ʾAkkʷateta qʷǝrbān za-Bāsǝlyos (ff. 22r-)
  • ms_i1.2.5 (complete), Anaphora of St Gregory of Nyssa (ff. 23r-)
  • ms_i1.2.6 (complete), ʾAkkʷateta qʷǝrbān za-ʾEṗifānyos (ff. 24r-)
  • ms_i1.2.7 (complete), Anaphora by Dioscorus of Alexandria (ff. 25r-)
  • ms_i1.2.8 (complete), ʾAkkʷateta qʷǝrbān za-qǝddus Yāʿqob za-Śǝrug (ff. 26r-)
  • ms_i1.2.9 (complete), Anaphora of Cyril of Alexandria (ff. 27v-)
  • ms_i1.2.10 (complete), The Second Anaphora of St Gregory (ff. 28r-)
  • ms_i2 (complete), Zǝmmāre (ff. 31v-)
  • ms_i2.1 (complete), John the Baptist (ff. 31v-)
  • ms_i2.2 (complete), ʽRiversʼ (ff. 31r-)
  • ms_i2.3 (complete), ʾAbbā ʾAnbas
  • ms_i2.4 (complete), Zecharia
  • ms_i2.5 (complete), David
  • ms_i2.6 (complete), Renovation of the Temple (ff. 33r-)
  • ms_i2.7 (complete), Exaltation of the Cross
  • ms_i2.8 (complete), Queen Helen
  • ms_i2.9 (complete), ʽTo Manyʼ (ዘብዙኃን፡)
  • ms_i2.10 (complete), ʽFor the Beginning of the Winterʼ (ዘፀዓተ፡ ክረምት፡)
  • ms_i2.11 (complete), ʽFor the Beginning of the Winterʼ (ዘፀዓተ፡ ክረምት፡)
  • ms_i2.12 (complete), Jacob and John
  • ms_i2.13 (complete), ʽCommemoration of the Kingsʼ (ዘተዝካረ፡ ንገሥት፡)
  • ms_i2.14 (complete), ʽFor the Beginning of the Winterʼ (ዘፀዓተ፡ ክረምት፡)
  • ms_i2.15 (complete), Ṗanṭalewon (f. )
  • ms_i2.16 (complete), Zamikāʾel ʾAragāwi (f. )
  • ms_i2.17 (complete), Theodorу, Stephan, Elisha (f. )
  • ms_i2.18 (complete), Virgin Mary ʽof Flowersʼ (ዘጽጌ፡) (f. )
  • ms_i2.19 (complete), ʾAbbā Yoḥanni (f. )
  • ms_i2.20 (complete), Qʷǝsqʷām (f. )
  • ms_i2.21 (complete), George (f. )
  • ms_i2.22 (complete), Four Living Creatures (f. )
  • ms_i2.23 (complete), Archangel Michael (f. )
  • ms_i2.24 (complete), ʽOf the Miriadsʼ (ዘአዕላፍ፡) (f. )
  • ms_i2.25 (complete), Minas (f. )
  • ms_i2.26 (complete), Philipp the Apostle (f. )
  • ms_i2.27 (complete), Introduction, ʽOf Zionʼ (ዘጽዮን፡) (f. )
  • ms_i2.28 (complete), ʾAzqir (ff. 37v-)
  • ms_i2.29 (complete), 24 Heavenly Elders
  • ms_i2.30 (complete), Martyrs of Nāgrān
  • ms_i2.31 (complete), Peter of Alexandria (the Last Martyrer) (f. )
  • ms_i2.32 (complete), the Prophet Elijah
  • ms_i2.33 (complete), ʽOf the Glory of Saintsʼ (ዘክብረ፡ ቅዱሳን፡)
  • ms_i2.34 (complete), ʽOf the Lightʼ (ዘብርሃን፡)
  • ms_i2.35 (complete), ʽ(Of the Righteous) of Kadihʼ (ዘከዲህ፡)
  • ms_i2.36 (complete), Christmas (f. )
  • ms_i2.37 (complete), Stephen the Protomartyr
  • ms_i2.38 (complete), Afterfeast Christmas
  • ms_i2.39 (complete), John the Theologian (ff. 39r-)
  • ms_i2.40 (complete), Of Nazret
  • ms_i2.41 (complete), Forefeast of Epiphany (ff. 39v-)
  • ms_i2.42 (complete), Baptism of Jesus Christ
  • ms_i2.43 (complete), Cana of Galilee
  • ms_i2.44 (complete), Afterfeast of Epiphany (ff. 40r-)
  • ms_i2.45 (complete), Innocents of Bethlehem
  • ms_i2.46 (complete), ʽOf the Bridgroomʼ (ዘመርዓዊ፡)
  • ms_i2.47 (complete), Julitta
  • ms_i2.48 (complete), St Mary (ff. 40v-)
  • ms_i2.49 (complete), ʽOf the Communityʼ (ዘማኅበር፡)
  • ms_i2.50 (complete), St George
  • ms_i2.51 (complete), Incarnation
  • ms_i2.52 (complete), Birth of the Mother of God (ff. 40v-)
  • ms_i2.53 (complete), Lent
  • ms_i2.54 (complete), Hosanna
  • ms_i2.55 (complete), Easter
  • ms_i2.56 (complete), Descent into Hell (ff. 42r-)
  • ms_i2.57 (complete), Yāred (ff. 43r-)
  • ms_i2.58 (complete), Ascension (ff. 43v-)
  • ms_i2.59 (complete), the Holy Spirit (ff. 44r-)
  • ms_i2.60 (complete), ʾAbbā Garimā
  • ms_i2.61 (complete), Peter and Paul
  • ms_i2.62 (complete), The Apostles
  • ms_i2.63 (complete), Cyricus (ff. 44v-)
  • ms_i2.64 (complete), ʾAbbā Salāmā
  • ms_i2.65 (complete), The Virgin Ones
  • ms_i2.66 (complete), ʽOf the Communityʼ (ዘማኅበር፡) (ff. 45r-)
  • ms_i2.67 (complete), Transfiguration
  • ms_i2.68 (complete), ʽOf the Gathered Onesʼ (ዘጉቡዓን፡)
  • ms_i2.70 (complete), George (ff. 45v-)
  • ms_i2.71 (complete), The Mother of God
  • ms_i2.72 (complete), Abraham (ff. 46r-)
  • ms_i2.73 (complete), Andrew the Apostle
  • ms_i2.74 (complete), ʽOf the Winterʼ (ዘክረምት፡) (ff. 46v-)
  • ms_i2.75 (complete), Melchizedek
  • ms_i2.76 (complete), Thanksgiving (ff. 47r-)
  • ms_i2.77 (complete), Zachariah
  • ms_i2.78 (complete), Stephan (ff. 50r-)
  • ms_i2.79 (complete), Renovation of the Temple
  • ms_i2.80 (complete), Exhaltation (ff. 50r-)
  • ms_i2.81 (complete), St Helen (ff. 51r-)
  • ms_i2.82 (complete), The Righteous Ones (ff. 52r-)
  • ms_i2.83 (complete), Gabra Krǝstos (ff. 52v-)
  • ms_i2.84 (complete), Stephan
  • ms_i2.85 (complete), ʽOf the Sojournersʼ (ዘፈላስያን፡) (ff. 53r-)
  • ms_i2.86 (complete), ʾAbbā Yoḥanni (ff. 54r-)
  • ms_i2.87 (complete), Four Living Creatures
  • ms_i2.88 (complete), Archangel Michael (ff. 54v-)
  • ms_i2.89 (complete), The Incorporeal Ones (ff. 54v-)
  • ms_i2.90 (complete), Minās (ff. 55r-)
  • ms_i2.91 (complete), The Priests
  • ms_i2.92 (complete), St Mercury (ff. 55v-)
  • ms_i2.93 (complete), St Peter of Alexandria (ff. 56r-)
  • ms_i2.94 (complete), The Three Youths in the Furnace (ff. 56v-)
  • ms_i2.95 (complete), Archangel Gabriel (ff. 57r-)
  • ms_i2.96 (complete), On the Christmas Eve
  • ms_i2.97 (complete), Infants
  • ms_i2.98 (complete), ʽOf the Glory of Saint(s)ʼ (ዘክብረ፡ ቅዱስ፡) (ff. 57v-)
  • ms_i2.99 (complete), Stephan (ff. 58r-)
  • ms_i2.100 (complete), ʾAbbā Libānos
  • ms_i2.101 (complete), Cana of Galilee (ff. 58r-)
  • ms_i2.102 (complete), Cana of Galilee (ff. 58v-)
  • ms_i2.103 (complete), Hosanna (ff. 59r-)
  • ms_i2.104 (complete), Resurrection of Christ (ff. 60r-)
  • ms_i2.105 (complete), St George
  • ms_i2.106 (complete), The Middle (ff. 61r-)
  • ms_i2.107 (complete), Arrival to Egypt
  • ms_i2.108 (complete), St John
  • ms_i2.109 (complete), St Michael
  • ms_i2.110 (complete), Ascension
  • ms_i2.111 (complete), ʾAbbā Garimā
  • ms_i2.112 (complete), The Apostles
  • ms_i2.113 (complete), Cyricus (ff. 62r-)
  • ms_i2.114 (complete), The Virgins
  • ms_i2.115 (complete), The Community
  • ms_i2.116 (complete), Transfiguration
  • ms_i2.117 (complete), Assumption (ff. 63v-)
  • ms_i2.118 (complete), Abraham
  • ms_i2.119 (complete), John the Baptist
Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Weiner Codex 281 (1711-1711)
Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Getatchew Codex 1 (1800-1800)
  • ms_i1, explained in Amharic (ff. 1r-59r)
  • ms_i2 (incomplete), Liṭon (ff. 59r-60r)
Portland, OR, Steven Delamarter Collection, Delamarter Codex 4 (1800-1800)
Saint Petersburg, Institut Vostočnyh Rukopisej Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, IV Orlov 36 (1855-1855)
    Denver, CO, Eliza Bennett Collection, Eliza Codex 18 (1855-1855)
    Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Weiner Codex 286 (1889-1889)
    Williams, OR, Marwick Collection, Marwick Codex 30 (1889-1889)
    Egypt, Dayr as-Suryān, DS Ethiop. 7 (1900-1900)
    Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Weiner Codex 352 (1929-1929)
    Addis Ababa, Mekane Yesus Seminary Library, Mekane Yesus Seminary 16 (1937-1937)
    Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Weiner Codex 310 (-)
    Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Kahan Codex (Weiner Codex 192) (-)