✖Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
✖Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
Shelf marks (full list)Manuscripts (search)List of Digitized ManuscriptsCatalogues EncodedInscriptions
✖We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
Clavis Aethiopica (Works)Narrative UnitsStudies
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
✖While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
Index of decorationsArt KeywordsIlluminations
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
✖We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
PlacesRepositories
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
✖We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
Persons and groupsEthnic units
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
✖This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
BibliographyIndexesProjectsVisualizationsGǝʿǝz Morphological ParserOnline Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae
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Crucifixion of Jesus

Jacopo Gnisci

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/AT1005Crucifixion
GeneralDescriptionAuthors

General description

A miniature showing the Crucifixion of Jesus↗ . The scene may include a number of additional figures, such as the Virgin Mary↗ or John↗ , the scene typically follows the account of the Gospels, but may include iconographic elements inspired by apocryphal sources. The three main typologies attested in the Ethiopian tradition are:

  1. Type 1

    There is an Empty Cross and there are figures associated with it (i.e. it is not just an interlaced cross).

  2. Type 2

    The body of Living Jesus is nailed to the cross.

  3. Type 3

    The body of the Dead Jesus is nailed to the cross.

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Secondary Bibliography

Secondary Bibliography

  • Balicka-Witakowska, E. 1997. La Crucifixion sans Crucifié dans l’art éthiopien. Recherches sur la survie de l’iconographie chrétienne de l’Antiquité tardive, Bibliotheca nubica et aethiopica, 4 (Warsaw and Wiesbaden: ZAŚ PAN, 1997).
    ZoteroOther citations
  • Gnisci, J. 2014. ‘The Dead Christ on the Cross in Ethiopian Art: Notes on the Iconography of the Crucifixion in Twelfth- to Fifteenth-Century Ethiopia’, Studies in Iconography, 35 (2014), 187–288.
    ZoteroOther citations
  • Grondijs, L. H. 1941. L’iconographie byzantine du crucifié mort sur la croix, Bibliotheca Byzantina Bruxellensis, 1 (Bruxelles; Leyde: Éditions de Byzantion, Institut de sociologie; Société d’Éditions A.W. Sijthoff, 1941).
    ZoteroOther citations
  • Martin, J. R. 1955. ‘The Dead Christ on the Cross in Byzantine Art’, in K. Weitzmann, ed., Late Classical and Mediaeval Studies in Honor of Albert Mathias Friend (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955), 189–196.
    ZoteroOther citations
  • Grillmeier, A. 1956. Der Logos am Kreuz: Zur christologischen Symbolik der älteren Kreuzigungsdarstellung (München: Max Hueber, 1956).
    ZoteroOther citations

    Publication Statement

    authority
    Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik
    publisher
    Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
    pubPlace
    Hamburg
    availability
    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.
    date
    type=expanded
    2022-01-05T13:24:29.744+01:00
    date
    type=lastModified
    22.11.2017
    idno
    type=collection
    authority-files
    idno
    type=url
    https://betamasaheft.eu/authority-files/AT1005Crucifixion
    idno
    type=URI
    https://betamasaheft.eu/AT1005Crucifixion
    idno
    type=filename
    AT1005Crucifixion.xml
    idno
    type=ID
    AT1005Crucifixion

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Art Objects associated with this Art Theme in miniatures and other manuscript decorations

    This page contains RDFa. RDF+XML graph of this resource. Alternate representations available via VoID.
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    Hypothes.is public annotations pointing here

    Use the tag BetMas:AT1005Crucifixion in your public hypothes.is annotations which refer to this entity.

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    Suggested citation of this record

    Jacopo Gnisci, Eugenia Sokolinski, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, ʻCrucifixion of Jesusʼ, in Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 2017-11-22) https://betamasaheft.eu/authority-files/AT1005Crucifixion [Accessed: 2024-11-03]

    To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

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    Revision history

    • Jacopo Gnisci Jacopo Gnisci: Updated Content on 22.11.2017
    • Jacopo Gnisci Jacopo Gnisci: Updated content on 9.11.2017
    • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: prepared XML file on 11.5.2016
    • Eugenia Sokolinski Eugenia Sokolinski: Provided List in Issue 47 on 6.5.2016
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    Attribution of the content

    Eugenia Sokolinski, contributor

    Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.