✖Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
✖Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
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✖We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
Clavis Aethiopica (Works)Narrative UnitsStudies
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
✖While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
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The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
✖We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
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This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
✖We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
Persons and groupsEthnic units
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
✖This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
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ʾAdulis

Francesca Panini

Under Review
https://betamasaheft.eu/LOC1261Adulis
cityport
WikiData Item Q378940
VIAF ID 243906891
Manuscripts in ʾAdulis
Places IndexGeneralDescriptionMap

Names

አዱሊስ፡↗ normalized: ʾAdulis↗ alt: the arbour of the Adulitae↗ alt: ገበዛ፡↗ normalized: Gabazā↗ alt: Adulitae ↗

Ptolemy 4.7.8

Source

Epiphanius (listing nine kingdoms of the 'Indians', he refers to the Adulites other then to the Aksumites)

Source
alt: WDTT ↗

The geographical lists of the Egyptian 18th dynasty (ca. 1450 B.C. )

Source
Māssāwā↗ Ḥaddās↗ ʾAksum↗

አዱሊስ፡gez

alt: the arbour of the Adulitaeen

alt: ገበዛ፡gez

alt: Adulitae la

Ptolemy 4.7.8

Source

Epiphanius (listing nine kingdoms of the 'Indians', he refers to the Adulites other then to the Aksumites)

Source

alt: WDTT

The geographical lists of the Egyptian 18th dynasty (ca. 1450 B.C. )

Source

Location

20 stades from the actual port.

The ancient site of ʾAdulis is located in the coastal plain of the Gulf of Zulā, approx. 40 km (km) .Entered as 40 km to the south of Māssāwā↗ , at the northen side of the river Ḥaddās↗ and at about 4 km (km) .Entered as 4 km from the coast.

History

history: ʾAdulis was the main port of ʾAksum↗ during the zenith of the Aksumite Empire. This port is mentioned in numerous foreign reports and played a key role in maintaining trade contacts with other powers of the time. The city probably lay some distance (20 stades) from the actual port. According to Pliny, it was a large centre of trade founded by slaves from Egypt who run away from their masters. The trade of ʾAdulis with other centres is recounted by the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which reports lists of imports and exports. Cosmas Indicopleustes offers maps that illustrate some characteristics of ʾAdulis. Research has shown that ʾAdulis was a sizeable town and archeological excavations have found traces of an ancient prehistoric settlement beneath the Aksumite town. How ʾAdulis was destroyed is not certain yet. It was traditionally claimed that it was destroyed by an Arab expedition in 640 AD however, while traces of fire were found, the expedition was said to be a failure.

Secondary Bibliography

  • Fattovich, R. and S. Munro-Hay 2003. ‘Adulis’, in S. Uhlig, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, I (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003), 104a–105b.
    ZoteroOther citations
  • Smith, W. 1854. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854). item s.v. Adu'le or Adu'lis
    ZoteroOther citations
  • Blake, R. P. and H. de Vis 1934. Epiphanius de Gemmis. The Old Georgian Version and the Fragments of the Armenian Version. And the Coptic-Sahidic Fragments. (London: Christophers, 1934).
    ZoteroOther citations
  • Huntingford, G. W. B. 1980. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, by an unknown author. With some Extracts from Agatharkhidēs ‘On the Erythraean Sea’, tr. G. W. B. Huntingford, Hakluyt Society, Second Series, 151 (London: The Hakluyt Society, 1980).
    ZoteroOther citations
  • Pliny the Elder n.d. The Natural History, ed. J. Bostock.
    ZoteroOther citations

Other

2017-06-30T10:54:11Z

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

    Publication Statement

    authority
    Gazetteer of Places related to Ethiopian Written tradition, Hiob Ludolf Zentrum für Äthiopistik
    pubPlace
    Hamburg
    publisher
    Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
    availability

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.

    date
    2016-03-21
    date
    type=expanded
    29.4.2022 at 19:18:51
    date
    type=lastModified
    30.6.2017
    idno
    type=collection
    places
    idno
    type=url
    https://betamasaheft.eu/places/LOC1261Adulis/main
    idno
    type=URI
    https://betamasaheft.eu/LOC1261Adulis
    idno
    type=filename
    LOC1261Adulis.xml
    idno
    type=ID
    LOC1261Adulis

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Suggested citation of this record

Francesca Panini, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, Eugenia Sokolinski, ʻʾAdulisʼ, in Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 2017-06-30) https://betamasaheft.eu/places/LOC1261Adulis [Accessed: 2024-11-30]

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Revision history

  • Francesca Panini Francesca Panini: completed test record on 30.6.2017
  • Francesca Panini Francesca Panini: added information and tested new attributes on 22.6.2017
  • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: harmonized typology based on Eugenia indication in Issue 48. on 27.4.2016
  • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: Created file from google spreadsheet on 21.3.2016
  • Eugenia Sokolinski Eugenia Sokolinski: CREATED: place on 9.2.2016
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Attribution of the content

Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

Eugenia Sokolinski, contributor

This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.