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Bǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, Kadiḥ Dabra Tawāḥǝdo Qǝddǝst Māryām, KTM-002

Susanne Hummel (cataloguer), Denis Nosnitsin

This manuscript description is based on the catalogues listed in the Catalogue Bibliography

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/ESktm002
Kadiḥ Dabra Tawāḥǝdo Qǝddǝst Māryām[view repository]

Collection: Ethio-SPaRe

Places IndexGeneralDescriptionPhysical DescriptionCatalogueAuthors

General description

Taʾammǝra Māryām "Miracles of Mary" / Taʾammǝra ʾIyasus "Miracles of Jesus" / Taʾammǝra Takla Hāymānot "Miracles of Takla Hāymānot"

Number of Text units: 13

Number of Codicological units: 1

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Origin

Original Location: Kadiḥ Dabra Tawāḥǝdo Qǝddǝst Māryām↗

According to Additio 2, the Ms. was purchased in 1877 year of mercy (= 1884/85 A.D.) during the reign of King Yoḥannǝs IV (r. 1872-89).

Provenance

According to Additio 2, the Ms. was donated by Tawalda Madḫǝn. His name has been inserted into supplication formulas, probably in the same hand which wrote Additio 2.

Summary

I) Taʾammǝra Māryām "Miracles of Mary" (fols. 4ra-101vb) I-1) Maṣḥafa śǝrʿāt, Introductory rite of al-Muʿallaqah (fols. 4ra-6vb) I-2) Introductory exhortation and hymns (fols. 6vb-8va) I-3) ʾƎsaggǝd laki wa-ʾǝweddǝsaki... "I worship Thee..." (fols. 8va-9rb) I-4) Taʾammǝra Māryām "Miracles of Mary": 110 miracles (fols. 9ra-101vb) I-5) ʾAkkonu bǝʾsi ... "Does not the man ...": 33 strophes (distributed among the miracles of Mary, fols. 10rb-35va) II) Taʾammǝra ʾIyasus "Miracles of Jesus": 1 miracle (fols. 101vb-102ra) III) Taʾammǝra Takla Hāymānot "Miracles of Takla Haymanot": 1 miracle (fol. 102ra-rb) Additiones 1-3.
  1. ms_i1 (check the viewerFols 4ra–101vb ), Taʾāmmǝra Māryām "Miracles of Mary"
    1. ms_i1.1 (check the viewerFols 4ra–6vb ), Maṣḥafa śǝrʿāt za-waṣʾa ʾǝm-manbara Mārqos ḥawāryā ʾǝm-makāna maʿāllǝqā
    2. ms_i1.2 (check the viewerFols 6vb–8va ), Introductory exhortation and hymns
      1. ms_i1.2.1 (check the viewer7vb-8ra ), ʾO-ʾǝgzǝʾtǝyä Māryām Mariham ʾǝmmu la-ʾǝgziʾǝnä ʾIyasus kahāli ... "O my Lady Mary, Mother of our Lord Jesus the Almighty ...
      2. ms_i1.2.2 (check the viewer8ra ), ʾO-ʾǝgzǝʾtǝyä qǝddǝst Māryām dǝngǝl ʾǝmma madḫǝn wa-ʾǝmma bǝrhān ... "O my Lady, Holy Virgin Mary, Mother of the Saviour and Mother of the Light ..."
    3. ms_i1.3 (check the viewerFols 8va–9rb ), ʾƎsaggǝd laki ʾǝsaggǝd laki ʾǝsaggǝd laki wa-ʾǝweddǝsaki
    4. ms_i1.4 (check the viewerFols 9ra–101vb ), Miracles of Mary: 110 miracles
      1. ms_i1.4.1 (check the viewerFol. 10rb ), Soba ṣaḥafa Daqsǝyos taʾāmriha ʾǝluda ... "When Daqsǝyos wrote the collection of her miracles ..."
    5. ms_i1.5 (check the viewerFols 10rb–35va ), ʾAkkonu bǝʾsi... “Does not the man...”
      1. ms_i1.5.1 (check the viewer11ra ), Additional strophe
  2. ms_i2 (check the viewerFols 101vb–102rb ), Two miracles (Miracle of Jesus and Miracle of Takla Hāymānot)
    1. ms_i2.1 (check the viewerFols 101vb–102ra ), Taʾammǝra ʾIyasus "Miracles of Jesus": 1 miracle
    2. ms_i2.2 (check the viewerFols 102ra–102rb ), Miracles of Takla Hāymānot: 1 miracle

Contents

check the viewerFols 4ra–101vb Taʾāmmǝra Māryām "Miracles of Mary" (CAe 2384)

Language of text:

check the viewerFols 9ra–101vb Miracles of Mary: 110 miracles (CAe 3585) Includes the canonical collection, Miracles of Mary and ʾAkkonu bǝʾsi compilation of 33 miracles/strophes (CAe 5673)

Language of text:

All of the miracles of Mary (Text I-4) are numbered.
check the viewerFols 10rb–35va ʾAkkonu bǝʾsi... “Does not the man...” (CAe 4274) 33 strophes after the 33 miracles, which are strophes 1-2, 3-32 according to Grohmann 1919 and one additional strophe
check the viewer11ra Additional strophe ኢትኅድግኒ፡ ዓቂበ፡ ኵሎ፡ መዓልተ፡ ወሌሊተ።
ኀበ፡ ወሖርኩ፡ ፍና፡ ወኀበ፡ ኀደርኩ፡ ቤተ።
ማርያም፡ ድንግል፡ ዘትሜግቢ፡ ነፍሳተ፡
በልብስ፡ ወበሲሳይ፡ ኢታርእይኒ፡ ንዴተ።
እስመ፡ ቍር፡ ወረኃብ፡ ያረስዕ፡ ጸሎተ።
check the viewerFols 101vb–102rb Two miracles (Miracle of Jesus and Miracle of Takla Hāymānot) Actually a guest text, added on a blank page by a later hand

Additions In this unit there are in total 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 .

  1. check the viewerf. 1v (Type: ProtectivePrayer)

    Protective prayer against wild animals.

    ( gez ) ጸሎት፡ በእንተ፡ መስተኃድር፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ለአብ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ለወልድ፡ ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡ ወለመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ፡ መስተ፡ ኃድር፡ ዘያስተኃድር፡ አራዊት፡ ዘገዳም፡ ነምር፡ ጽፍራማ፡ አንበሳ፡ ጋማማ፡ ዋልጌ፡ ዝጋጋማ፡ ...

  2. check the viewerf. 102va (Type: DonationNote)

    Donation note.

    ( gez ) ዝመጽሐፍ፡ ዘተወልደ፡ መድኅን፡ አቡሁ፡ ወልደ፡ ሳሙኤል፡ ወእሙ፡ ወለተ፡ ሃይማኖት፡ ወብእሲቱ፡ ወለተ፡ አናንያ፡ ወውሉዱ፡ ገብረ፡ ማርያም፡ ወለተ፡ ሥላሴ፡ ወለተ፡ ማርያም፡ ወለተ፡ ትንሣኤ፡ ወምስለ፡ ውሉዱ፡ ወልደ፡ ማርያም፡ ወአኃዊሁ፡ ወልደ፡ አብርሃ፡ ገብረ፡ አናንያ፡ ኪዳነ፡ ማርያም፡ ዘወሀባ፡ ለማርያም፡ ከዲህ፡ ዘተሣየጣ፡ በወርቁ፡ በ፲ወ፭ብሩራተ፡ በዘመነ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ዮሐንስ፡ በገበዙ፡ ክፍለ፡ ሐዋርያት፡ በዘመነ፡ ማቴዎስ፡ በ፶፻በ፭፻፡ በ፲፻ወ፰፻፸ወ፯፡ ዓመተ፡ ምሕረት፡ ዘሠረቆ፡ ወዘፈሐቆ፡ ውጉዘ፡ ለይኩን፡ በሥልጣነ፡ ጴጥሮስ፡ ወጳውሎስ።

    The note, possibly written in hand b, states that Tawalda Madḫǝn donated the Ms. to the church of Māryām Kädih. He purchased it for 15 Bǝrr in 1877 year of mercy (= 1884/85 A.D.) during the reign of King Yoḥannǝs (= Yoḥannǝs IV, r. 1872-89) and the tenure of gabaz Kǝfla Ḥawāryāt. The other date mentioned (5500) is not clear. Several relatives of Tawalda Madḫǝn are mentioned.

  3. check the viewerf. 102vb (Type: GuestText)

    List of the feasts of the Apostles.

    ( gez ) ንዌጥን፡ ዜና፡ በዓሎሙ፡ ለሐዋርያት፡  አመ፡ ፩ለመስከረም፡ በርተሎሜዎስ፡ ሠረቀ፡ ጥቅምት፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፪ማቴዎስ፡ አመ፡ ፳ወ፪፡ ሉቃስ፡ ረድእ፡ ሠረቀ፡ ኅዳር፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፰፡ ፊልጶስ፡ ሠረቀ፡ ታኅሣሥ፡ አመ፡ ፬እንድርያስ፡ ሠረቀ፡ ጥር፡ አመ፡ ፬ዮሐምስ፡ ወልደ፡ ነጐድጓድ። ሠረቀ፡ የካቲት፡ አመ፡ ፰ልደተ፡ ሰምዖን፡ አመ፡ ፲ያዕቆብ፡ ወልደ፡ እልፍዮስ፡ ሠረቀ፡ መጋቢት፡ አመ፡ ፰ማትያስ። ሠረቀ፡ ማዝያ[sic]፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፯፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ወልደ፡ ዘብዴዎስ። አመ፡ ፴ሁ፡ ማርቆስ፡ ረድእ። ሠረቀ፡ ግንቦት፡ አመ፡ ፳ወ፮ቶማስ። ሠረቀ፡ ሐምሌ፡ አመ፡ ፪ታዴዎስ፡ አመ፡ ፭ጴጥሮስ፡ አመ፡ ፲ናትናኤል፡ አመ፡ ፲ወ፰ያዕቆብ፡ እኁኁ፡ ለእግዚእነ።

    The note is partly illegible due to faded ink.

Extras

  1. - One line of text has been crossed out on check the viewer100vb .

  2. - Omissions are inserted interlineally: check the viewer6vb , 52rb.

  3. - Crude note: check the viewer1r .

  4. (Type: findingAid)

    - Readings are indicated by the names of the feasts and other occasions written in the upper margin, in pen: ዘታኅሣሥ: check the viewerfol. 13rb (pencil) ዘካርያስ: check the viewerfol. 15vb ዘጥቅምት: check the viewerfol. 20vb ዘትንሣኤ: check the viewerfol. 41ra ደብረ፡ ምጥማቅ: check the viewerfol. 56ra ቅዳሴ፡ ቤታ: check the viewerfol. 59rb ዘፍልሰታ: check the viewerfol. 60rb ጼዴንያ: check the viewerfol. 61rb ቍስቋም: check the viewerfol. 64vb ዘታህሣሥ: check the viewerfol. 70rb ዘወርኃ፡ ጥር: check the viewerfol. 71vb አመ፡ ፳ወ፱ለመጋቢት: check the viewerfol. 73va .

Decoration In this unit there are in total 2 .

Miniatures notes

  1. miniature: check the viewerFol. 2v:

    St. George slaying the dragon.

    Legend, written in a secondary hand: ማር፡ ጊዮርጊስ "Mar Giyorgis". Painted on unruled leaf.
  2. miniature: check the viewerFol. 3r:

    The Virgin and Child with the archangels Michel and Gabriel.

    Legend, written in a secondary hand: ምስለ፡ ፍቁር፡ ወልዳ "With her beloved Son". Painted on unruled leaf. The miniature is protected by a textile curtain.

Catalogue Bibliography

This manuscript has modern restorations.

Physical Description

Form of support

Parchment Codex

Extent

Made of 102.0 (leaf) , Entered as 102.0 folios, of which (leaf, blank) : Entered as blank check the viewer1r , 2r, 3v., in 14.0 (quire) .Entered as 14.0 quires (A+13). 272 227 50
Outer dimensions
Height 272
Width 227
Depth 50

Foliation

Quire Structure Collation

Signatures: - Undecorated quire marks are written in the centre of the upper margin: 12r: ፪, 20r: ፫, 28r: ፬, 36r: ፭, 44r: 52: ፯, 60r: ፰, 68r: ፱, 74r: ፲, 81r: ፲፩, 89r: ፲፪, 95r: ፲፫.

Position Number Leaves Quires Description
1 3 Fols 1r–3v A(3; s.l.: 1, stub after 3/fols. 1r-3v)
2 8 Fols 4r–11v I(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 3/fols. 4r-11v)
3 8 Fols 12r–19v ፪II(8/fols. 12r-19v)
4 8 Fols 20r–27v ፫III(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 3/fols. 20r-27v)
5 8 Fols 28r–35v ፬IV(8/fols. 28r-35v)
6 8 Fols 36r–43v ፭V(8/fols. 36r-43v)
7 8 Fols 44r–51v ፮VI(8/fols. 44r-51v)
8 8 Fols 52r–59v ፯VII(8/fols. 52r-59v)
9 8 Fols 60r–67v ፰VIII(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 3/fols. 60r-67v)
10 6 Fols 68r–73v ፱IX(6/fols. 68r-73v)
11 7 Fols 74r–80v ፲X(7; s.l.: 3, stub after 5/fols. 74r-80v)
12 8 Fols 81r–88v ፲፩XI(8/fols. 81r-88v)
13 6 Fols 89r–94v ፲፪XII(6; s.l.: 2, stub after 5; 5, stub after 2/fols. 89r-94v)
14 8 Fols 95r–102v ፲፫XIII(8/fols. 95r-102v)

Collation diagrams


A(3; s.l.: 1, stub after 3/fols. 1r-3v)
Quire ID:q1
Collation diagram Quire 1 1 Unit #1 Unit #2

I(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 3/fols. 4r-11v)
Quire ID:q2
Collation diagram Quire 2 4 11 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

፪II(8/fols. 12r-19v)
Quire ID:q3
Collation diagram Quire 3 12 19 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፫III(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 3/fols. 20r-27v)
Quire ID:q4
Collation diagram Quire 4 20 27 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

፬IV(8/fols. 28r-35v)
Quire ID:q5
Collation diagram Quire 5 28 35 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፭V(8/fols. 36r-43v)
Quire ID:q6
Collation diagram Quire 6 36 43 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፮VI(8/fols. 44r-51v)
Quire ID:q7
Collation diagram Quire 7 44 51 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፯VII(8/fols. 52r-59v)
Quire ID:q8
Collation diagram Quire 8 52 59 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፰VIII(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 3/fols. 60r-67v)
Quire ID:q9
Collation diagram Quire 9 60 67 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

፱IX(6/fols. 68r-73v)
Quire ID:q10
Collation diagram Quire 10 68 73 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3

፲X(7; s.l.: 3, stub after 5/fols. 74r-80v)
Quire ID:q11
Collation diagram Quire 11 74 80 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፩XI(8/fols. 81r-88v)
Quire ID:q12
Collation diagram Quire 12 81 88 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፪XII(6; s.l.: 2, stub after 5; 5, stub after 2/fols. 89r-94v)
Quire ID:q13
Collation diagram Quire 13 89 94 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፫XIII(8/fols. 95r-102v)
Quire ID:q14
Collation diagram Quire 14 95 102 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

Ethio-SPaRe formula : I(2+1/s.l. 1, stub after 3/Fols 1r–3v) – II(6+2/s.l. 3, stub after 6; s.l. 6, stub after 3/Fols 4r–11v) – III(8/Fols 12r–19v) – IV(6+2/s.l. 3, stub after 6; s.l. 6, stub after 3/Fols 20r–27v) – V(8/Fols 28r–35v) – VI(8/Fols 36r–43v) – VII(8/Fols 44r–51v) – VIII(8/Fols 52r–59v) – IX(6+2/s.l. 3, stub after 6/Fols 60r–67v) – X(6/Fols 68r–73v) – XI(6+1/s.l. 3, stub after 5/Fols 74r–80v) – XII(8/Fols 81r–88v) – XIII(4+2/s.l. 2, stub after 5/Fols 89r–94v) – XIV(8/Fols 95r–102v) –

Formula: Fols 1r–3v A(3; s.l.: 1, stub after 3/fols. 1r-3v) ; Fols 4r–11v I(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 3/fols. 4r-11v) ; Fols 12r–19v ፪II(8/fols. 12r-19v) ; Fols 20r–27v ፫III(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 3/fols. 20r-27v) ; Fols 28r–35v ፬IV(8/fols. 28r-35v) ; Fols 36r–43v ፭V(8/fols. 36r-43v) ; Fols 44r–51v ፮VI(8/fols. 44r-51v) ; Fols 52r–59v ፯VII(8/fols. 52r-59v) ; Fols 60r–67v ፰VIII(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 3/fols. 60r-67v) ; Fols 68r–73v ፱IX(6/fols. 68r-73v) ; Fols 74r–80v ፲X(7; s.l.: 3, stub after 5/fols. 74r-80v) ; Fols 81r–88v ፲፩XI(8/fols. 81r-88v) ; Fols 89r–94v ፲፪XII(6; s.l.: 2, stub after 5; 5, stub after 2/fols. 89r-94v) ; Fols 95r–102v ፲፫XIII(8/fols. 95r-102v);

Formula 1: 1 (), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (8), 10 (6), 11 (7), 12 (8), 13 (6), 14 (8),

Formula 2: 1 (), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (8), 10 (6), 11 (7), 12 (8), 13 (6), 14 (8),

State of preservation

good

Condition

The Ms. is worn; some leaves show traces of extensive use. The Ms. was resewn. The spine cover was probably cut off to facilitate the resewing and later replaced with an overback. Holes or tears amended on check the viewer23 , 5, 57, 71, 83, 93, 98.

Binding

Two wooden boards covered with reddish-brown tooled leather; textile inlays. Overback made of vermillion tooled leather. Two pairs of sewing stations.

Binding decoration

Two pairs of chains of endband stitches at the spine cover, close to the head and the tail of the codex. Endbands are laced with a cord.

Binding material

wood

leather

textile

Original binding

No

Layout

Layout note 1

Number of columns: 2

Number of lines: 26

H 205mm
W 182mm
Intercolumn 10mm
Margins
top 23
bottom 44
right 30
left 10
intercolumn 10
All data for check the viewer5r .

Ms Bǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, Kadiḥ Dabra Tawāḥǝdo Qǝddǝst Māryām, KTM-002 main part

looks ok for measures computed width is: 222mm, object width is: 227mm, computed height is: 272mm and object height is: 272mm.

Layout note 1

Ruling
  • (Subtype: pattern) Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C.
  • The upper line is written above the ruling.
  • The bottom line is written above the ruling.
Pricking
  • Pricking and ruling are visible.
  • Primary pricks are visible.
  • Ruling pricks are visible.

Palaeography

  • Hand 1

    Script: Ethiopic

    Hand a: main hand, mediocre.

    Ink: Black, red

    Rubrication: Divine names; names of other characters like Yoḥannǝs (fol. 6ra), Mikāʾel (fols. 8ra-rb, 63vb), Giyorgis (fol. 24vb); name of the donor; word salām "salutation" (fols. 5vb, 6rb) and a few other words (fols. 5vb-6rb); section numbers of Text I-4; elements of the punctuation signs; elements of Ethiopic numerals. Several groups of lines on the incipit page of Texts I-1, I-4 and II; two initial lines of Texts I-2, I-3 and of their sections; two initial lines of Text III; two initial lines of sections of Text I-4; first word of each strophe of Text I-5.

    Date: Second half of the 19th century

    check the viewer4ra-101vb Second half of the 19th century

    Abbreviations

  • ለዓ፡ ዓለ፡ አ፡(- - -) for ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፡ (check the viewer8va )
  • ለዓለመ፡ ዓለ፡ አ፡(- - -) for ለዓለመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን፡ (check the viewer37rb , 74ra)

  • Hand 2

    Script: Ethiopic

    Hand b, of the Guest text ( Content Item 2 Two miracles (Miracle of Jesus and Miracle of Takla Hāymānot) and (a2) ) mediocre.

    check the viewer101vb-102rb

    • Keywords

    ApocryphaPoetry

      Publication Statement

      authority
      Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik
      pubPlace
      Hamburg
      publisher
      Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
      availability

      This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.

      date
      2016-06-07T17:42:51.552+02:00
      date
      type=expanded
      8.9.2022 at 23:08:06
      date
      type=lastModified
      3.6.2021
      idno
      type=collection
      manuscripts
      idno
      type=url
      https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESktm002/main
      idno
      type=URI
      https://betamasaheft.eu/ESktm002
      idno
      type=filename
      ESktm002.xml
      idno
      type=ID
      ESktm002

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    Suggested citation of this record

    Susanne Hummel, Denis Nosnitsin, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, Eugenia Sokolinski, Angela Salerno, ʻBǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, Kadiḥ Dabra Tawāḥǝdo Qǝddǝst Māryām, KTM-002 (encoded from the catalogue)ʼ, in Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 2021-06-03) https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESktm002 [Accessed: 2024-11-24]

    To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

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    Revision history

    • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Initial HTR transcription using the Ethiopic – Classical Ethiopic scripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea (https://readcoop.eu/model/ethiopic-classical-ethiopic-scripts-from-ethiopia-and-eritrea ). Transformed for BM and imported. on 3.6.2021
    • Angela Salerno fixed Layout Analysis within Transkribus on 28.5.2021
    • Eugenia Sokolinski adjusted to schema on 11.8.2020
    • Pietro Maria Liuzzo transformed from mycore to TEI P5 on 10.5.2016
    • Susanne Hummel last edited in Ethio-SPaRe on 27.10.2014
    • Susanne Hummel catalogued in Ethio-SPaRe on 6.10.2014
    • Ethio-SPaRe team photographed the manuscript on 17.12.2010
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    Attribution of the content

    Alessandro Bausi, general editor

    Susanne Hummel, editor

    Denis Nosnitsin, editor

    Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

    Eugenia Sokolinski, contributor

    Angela Salerno, contributor

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.