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Gāntā ʾAfašum, ʾAḥzarā Māryām, DMA-014

Irene Roticiani (cataloguer), Denis Nosnitsin

This manuscript description is based on the catalogues listed in the Catalogue Bibliography

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/ESdma014
ʾAḥzarā Māryām[view repository]

Collection: Ethio-SPaRe

Places IndexPersons IndexGeneralDescriptionPhysical DescriptionCatalogueAuthors

General description

Maṣḥafa gǝbra ḥǝmāmāt “Book of the Rite of the Holy Week”

Number of Text units: 33

Number of Codicological units: 1

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Origin

Original Location: ʾAḥzarā Māryām↗

King Mǝnilǝk II (r. 1889-1913) is mentioned in the supplication formula on check the viewer67rb . King Bakāffā (r. 1721-1730) is mentioned in the supplication formula on check the viewer158vc .

Provenance

Owners Walatta Muse, ʾabuna Walda ʾAnānyā, ʾabuna ʾIyaʾāb, Gabra ʾAragāwi and Takla Māryām are mentioned in the supplication formulas. The name of ʾabuna Walda Libānos is added interlineally, in a recent hand in blue pen, in the supplication formulas on check the viewer40rc , 104va, 120ra, 120vc, 150vc, 160ra.

Summary

I) Maṣḥafa gǝbra ḥǝmāmāt “Book of the Rite of the Holy Week” (fols. 5ra-173ra) I-1) Introduction (fols. 5ra-6vb) I-2) Eve of Palm Sunday (fols. 6vb-8rb) I-3) Palm Sunday (fols. 8rb-13rc) I-4) Monday (fols. 13rc-27rc) - Night hours (fols. 13rc-16rb) - Day hours (fols. 16rb-27rc), including: Homily by John Chrysostom for Monday morning (fols. 18va-21vc) I-5) Tuesday (fols. 27rc-41vb) - Night hours (fols. 27rc-29rc) - Day hours (fols. 29rc-41vb) I-6) Wednesday (fols. 41vb-53rb) - Night hours (fols. 41vb-43vb) - Day hours (fols. 43vb-53rb) I-7) Thursday (fols. 53rb-71rb) - Night hours (fols. 53rb-55rc) - Day hours (fols. 55rc-71rb) I-8) Friday (fols. 71rb-138vc) - Night hours (fols. 71rb-82rb), including: Homily by John [Chrysostom] on Christ when He says “If it be possible, let this chalice pass” (fols. 77ra-79va) - Day hours (fols. 82rb-138vc), including: Homily by Jaqob of Serug on Abraham (fols. 94vc-99va); Homily by Ephrem on Satan and on the death (fols. 99vb-102rb); Homily by Ephrem on Passion of Our Lord and on the thief on the right hand (fols. 110rc-112rb); Homily by Jaqob of Serug on the Angel and the thief (fols. 112rb-116va); Homily by John Chrysostom on Passion of Our Lord (fols. 116va-119rc); Maḥālǝya maḥālǝy “Song of Songs” (fols. 136vb-138va) I-9) Saturday (fols. 138vc- 159va), including: Rāʾǝya Yoḥannǝs “Revelation of John” (fols. 141rc-150vc); Tǝmhǝrta ḫǝbuʾāt “Teaching of Mysteries” (fols. 157rc-158rc) I-10) Ṣalota burāke, Prayer of the Benediction of St Basil (fols. 159va-161rb) I-11) Homily of John Chrysostom on Passion of Our Lord (fols. 160rb-162vc) I-12) Maṣḥafa dorho “Book of the Cock” (fols. 163va-173ra) Additiones 1-3.
  1. ms_i1 (check the viewerFols 5ra–173ra ), Gǝbra Ḥǝmāmāt
    1. ms_i1.1 (check the viewerFols 5ra–6vb ), Introduction
    2. ms_i1.2 (check the viewerFols 6vb–8rb ), Eve of Palm Sunday
    3. ms_i1.3 (check the viewerFols 8rb–13rc ), Palm Sunday
    4. ms_i1.4 (check the viewerFols 13rc–27rc ), Monday
      1. ms_i1.4.1 (check the viewerFols 13rc–16rb ), Night hours
      2. ms_i1.4.2 (check the viewerFols 16rb–27rc ), Day hours
        1. ms_i1.4.2.1 (check the viewerFols 18va–21vc ), Homily by John Chrysostom for Monday morning
    5. ms_i1.5 (check the viewerFols 27rc–41vb ), Tuesday
      1. ms_i1.5.1 (check the viewerFols 27rc–29rc ), Night hours
      2. ms_i1.5.2 (check the viewerFols 29rc–41vb ), Day hours
    6. ms_i1.6 (check the viewerFols 41vb–53rb ), Wednesday
      1. ms_i1.6.1 (check the viewerFols 41vb–43vb ), Night hours
      2. ms_i1.6.2 (check the viewerFols 43vb–53rb ), Day hours
    7. ms_i1.7 (check the viewerFols 53rb–71rb ), Thursday
      1. ms_i1.7.1 (check the viewerFols 53rb–55rc ), Night hours
      2. ms_i1.7.2 (check the viewerFols 55rc–71rb ), Day hours
    8. ms_i1.8 (check the viewerFols 71rb–138vc ), Friday
      1. ms_i1.8.1 (check the viewerFols 71rb–82rb ), Night hours
        1. ms_i1.8.1.1 (check the viewerFols 77ra–79va ), On the Saying of Christ "If it be Possible, Let this Cup Pass from Me"
      2. ms_i1.8.2 (check the viewerFols 82rb–138vc ), Day hours
        1. ms_i1.8.2.1 (check the viewerFols 94vc–99va ), Baʾǝnta ʾabuna ʾAbrǝhām
        2. ms_i1.8.2.2 (check the viewerFols 99vb–102rb ), Homily by Ephrem on Satan and Death
        3. ms_i1.8.2.3 (check the viewerFols 110rc–112rb ), Homily by Ephrem on Passion of Our Lord and on the thief on the right hand
        4. ms_i1.8.2.4 (check the viewerFols 112rb–116va ), Homily by Jacob of Serug on the angel and the thief
        5. ms_i1.8.2.5 (check the viewerFols 116va–119rc ), Homily by John Chrysostom on the Passion of Our Lord
        6. ms_i1.8.2.6 (check the viewerFols 136vb–138va ), Song of Songs
    9. ms_i1.9 (check the viewerFols 138vc–159va ), Saturday
      1. ms_i1.9.1 (check the viewerFols 141rc–150vc ), Revelation of John
      2. ms_i1.9.2 (check the viewerFols 157rc–158rc ), Tǝmhǝrta ḫǝbuʾāt
    10. ms_i1.10 (check the viewerFols 159va–161rb ), Ṣalota burāke za-Bāsǝlyos
    11. ms_i1.11 (check the viewerFols 160rb–162vc ), Dǝrsān za-qǝddus Yoḥannǝs ʾafa warq baʾǝnta ḥǝmāmātihu la-Krǝstos
    12. ms_i1.12 (check the viewerFols 163va–173ra ), Maṣḥafa dorho

Contents

check the viewerFols 5ra–173ra Gǝbra Ḥǝmāmāt (CAe 1544)
check the viewerFols 13rc–27rc Monday (CAe 1544 Monday)
check the viewerFols 16rb–27rc Day hours (CAe 1544 MondayDay)
check the viewerFols 27rc–41vb Tuesday (CAe 1544 Tuesday)
check the viewerFols 41vb–53rb Wednesday (CAe 1544 Wednesday)
check the viewerFols 41vb–43vb Night hours (CAe 1544 WednesdayNight)
check the viewerFols 53rb–71rb Thursday (CAe 1544 Thursday)
check the viewerFols 71rb–138vc Friday (CAe 1544 Friday)
check the viewerFols 82rb–138vc Day hours (CAe 1544 FridayDay)
check the viewerFols 138vc–159va Saturday (CAe 1544 Saturday)

Additions In this unit there are in total 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 .

  1. check the viewerf. 163ra (Type: GuestText)

    Incipit of Maṣḥafa dorho (CAe 1922) .

    Text in Gǝʿǝz

    ( Written probably in the same hand as that of Additio 2 (the same hand as that of the main text?) by mistake or as a writing excercise (?). )

  2. check the viewerf. 173ra (Type: Inventory)

    Inventory of the books and items of ʾAḥzara Māryām.

    ( gez ) ኍልቈ፡ መጻሕፍት፡ ዘአህዘሬ፡ ፪ወንጌል፡ ፩ግብረ፡ ሕማማት፡ ፪ሰንክሳር፡ ፬ተአምር፡ ፪ተአምረ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ፩ሳዊሮስ፡…

    ( The inventory seems to have been written in two different hands (the same hand as that of the main text and that of Additio 1). The name of the church is spelled ʾAḥzare. An addition has been made in blue pen. )

  3. check the viewerf. 176r (Type: RecordReconciliation)

    Record concerning reconciliation.

    Text in Amharic

    ( Written in Amharic. The note is about reconciliation and assignation of land. )

Extras

  1. - Omissions or corrections are written interlineally in check the viewer41ra , 53rc, 63va, 101va, 158va.

  2. - Blank space for text dividers (?) left unfilled in check the viewer105va , 131va, 147va.

  3. (Type: findingAid)

    - A strip of gauze is inserted in check the viewerfol. 22r .

  4. (Type: findingAid)

    - Strip of coloured textile inserted in the corner of check the viewerfol. 66 .

Catalogue Bibliography

This manuscript has no restorations.

Physical Description

Form of support

Parchment Codex

Extent

Made of 177.0 (leaf) , Entered as 177.0 folios, of which (leaf, blank) .Entered as blank 1r, 1v, 2r, 2v, 3r, 3v, 4r, 4v, 163v, 173v, 174r, 174v, 175r, 175v, 176v, 177r, 177v., in 23.0 (quire) .Entered as 23.0 quires (A+21+B). 370 300 85
Outer dimensions
Height 370
Width 300
Depth 85

Foliation

Quire Structure Collation

Signatures: Decorated - Decorated quire marks in No image available5r, 13r, 21r, 29r, 37r, 45r, 53r, 61r, 69r, 77r, 85r, 93r, 101r, 109r, 117r, 125r, 133r, 141r, 149r, 157r.

Position Number Leaves Quires Description
1 4 No image availableFols 1r–4v A(4/fols. 1r-4v)
2 8 No image availableFols 5r–12v [፩]I(8/fols. 5r-12v)
3 8 No image availableFols 13r–20v ፪II(8/fols. 13r-20v)
4 8 No image availableFols 21r–28v ፫III(8/fols. 21r-28v)
5 8 No image availableFols 29r–36v ፬IV(8/fols. 29r-36v)
6 8 No image availableFols 37r–44v ፭V(8/fols. 37r-44v)
7 8 No image availableFols 45r–52v ፮VI(8/fols. 45r-52v)
8 8 No image availableFols 53r–60v ፯VII(8/fols. 53r-60v)
9 8 No image availableFols 61r–68v ፰VIII(8/fols. 61r-68v)
10 8 No image availableFols 69r–76v ፱IX(8/fols. 69r-76v)
11 8 No image availableFols 77r–84v ፲X(8/fols. 77r-84v)
12 8 No image availableFols 85r–92v ፲፩XI(8/fols. 85r-92v)
13 8 No image availableFols 93r–100v ፲፪XII(8/fols. 93r-100v)
14 8 No image availableFols 101r–108v ፲፫XIII(8/fols. 101r-108v)
15 8 No image availableFols 109r–116v ፲፬XIV(8/fols. 109r-116v)
16 8 No image availableFols 117r–124v ፲፭XV(8/fols. 117r-124v)
17 8 No image availableFols 125r–132v ፲፮XVI(8/fols. 125r-132v)
18 8 No image availableFols 133r–140v ፲፯XVII(8/fols.133r-140v)
19 8 No image availableFols 141r–148v ፲፰XVIII(8/fols. 141r-148v)
20 8 No image availableFols 149r–156v ፲፱XIX(8/fols. 149r-156v)
21 7 No image availableFols 157r–163v ፳XX(7; s.l.: 3, stub after 5/fols. 157r-163v)
22 10 No image availableFols. 10, No image availableFols 164r–173v XXI(10/fols. 164r-173v)
23 4 No image availableFols 174r–177v B(4/fols. 174r-177v)

Collation diagrams


A(4/fols. 1r-4v)
Quire ID:q1
Collation diagram Quire 1 1 4 Unit #1 Unit #2

[፩]I(8/fols. 5r-12v)
Quire ID:q2
Collation diagram Quire 2 5 12 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፪II(8/fols. 13r-20v)
Quire ID:q3
Collation diagram Quire 3 13 20 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፫III(8/fols. 21r-28v)
Quire ID:q4
Collation diagram Quire 4 21 28 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፬IV(8/fols. 29r-36v)
Quire ID:q5
Collation diagram Quire 5 29 36 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፭V(8/fols. 37r-44v)
Quire ID:q6
Collation diagram Quire 6 37 44 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፮VI(8/fols. 45r-52v)
Quire ID:q7
Collation diagram Quire 7 45 52 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፯VII(8/fols. 53r-60v)
Quire ID:q8
Collation diagram Quire 8 53 60 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፰VIII(8/fols. 61r-68v)
Quire ID:q9
Collation diagram Quire 9 61 68 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፱IX(8/fols. 69r-76v)
Quire ID:q10
Collation diagram Quire 10 69 76 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲X(8/fols. 77r-84v)
Quire ID:q11
Collation diagram Quire 11 77 84 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፩XI(8/fols. 85r-92v)
Quire ID:q12
Collation diagram Quire 12 85 92 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፪XII(8/fols. 93r-100v)
Quire ID:q13
Collation diagram Quire 13 93 100 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፫XIII(8/fols. 101r-108v)
Quire ID:q14
Collation diagram Quire 14 101 108 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፬XIV(8/fols. 109r-116v)
Quire ID:q15
Collation diagram Quire 15 109 116 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፭XV(8/fols. 117r-124v)
Quire ID:q16
Collation diagram Quire 16 117 124 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፮XVI(8/fols. 125r-132v)
Quire ID:q17
Collation diagram Quire 17 125 132 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፯XVII(8/fols.133r-140v)
Quire ID:q18
Collation diagram Quire 18 133 140 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፰XVIII(8/fols. 141r-148v)
Quire ID:q19
Collation diagram Quire 19 141 148 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፱XIX(8/fols. 149r-156v)
Quire ID:q20
Collation diagram Quire 20 149 156 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፳XX(7; s.l.: 3, stub after 5/fols. 157r-163v)
Quire ID:q21
Collation diagram Quire 21 157 163 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XXI(10/fols. 164r-173v)
Quire ID:q22
Collation diagram Quire 22 164 173 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

B(4/fols. 174r-177v)
Quire ID:q23
Collation diagram Quire 23 174 177 Unit #1 Unit #2

Ethio-SPaRe formula : I(4/No image availableFols 1r–4v) – II(8/No image availableFols 5r–12v) – III(8/No image availableFols 13r–20v) – IV(8/No image availableFols 21r–28v) – V(8/No image availableFols 29r–36v) – VI(8/No image availableFols 37r–44v) – VII(8/No image availableFols 45r–52v) – VIII(8/No image availableFols 53r–60v) – IX(8/No image availableFols 61r–68v) – X(8/No image availableFols 69r–76v) – XI(8/No image availableFols 77r–84v) – XII(8/No image availableFols 85r–92v) – XIII(8/No image availableFols 93r–100v) – XIV(8/No image availableFols 101r–108v) – XV(8/No image availableFols 109r–116v) – XVI(8/No image availableFols 117r–124v) – XVII(8/No image availableFols 125r–132v) – XVIII(8/No image availableFols 133r–140v) – XIX(8/No image availableFols 141r–148v) – XX(8/No image availableFols 149r–156v) – XXI(6+1/s.l. 3, stub after 5/No image availableFols 157r–163v) – XXII(10/No image availableFols. 10, No image availableFols 164r–173v) – XXIII(4/No image availableFols 174r–177v) –

Formula: No image availableFols 1r–4v A(4/fols. 1r-4v) ; No image availableFols 5r–12v [፩]I(8/fols. 5r-12v) ; No image availableFols 13r–20v ፪II(8/fols. 13r-20v) ; No image availableFols 21r–28v ፫III(8/fols. 21r-28v) ; No image availableFols 29r–36v ፬IV(8/fols. 29r-36v) ; No image availableFols 37r–44v ፭V(8/fols. 37r-44v) ; No image availableFols 45r–52v ፮VI(8/fols. 45r-52v) ; No image availableFols 53r–60v ፯VII(8/fols. 53r-60v) ; No image availableFols 61r–68v ፰VIII(8/fols. 61r-68v) ; No image availableFols 69r–76v ፱IX(8/fols. 69r-76v) ; No image availableFols 77r–84v ፲X(8/fols. 77r-84v) ; No image availableFols 85r–92v ፲፩XI(8/fols. 85r-92v) ; No image availableFols 93r–100v ፲፪XII(8/fols. 93r-100v) ; No image availableFols 101r–108v ፲፫XIII(8/fols. 101r-108v) ; No image availableFols 109r–116v ፲፬XIV(8/fols. 109r-116v) ; No image availableFols 117r–124v ፲፭XV(8/fols. 117r-124v) ; No image availableFols 125r–132v ፲፮XVI(8/fols. 125r-132v) ; No image availableFols 133r–140v ፲፯XVII(8/fols.133r-140v) ; No image availableFols 141r–148v ፲፰XVIII(8/fols. 141r-148v) ; No image availableFols 149r–156v ፲፱XIX(8/fols. 149r-156v) ; No image availableFols 157r–163v ፳XX(7; s.l.: 3, stub after 5/fols. 157r-163v) ; No image availableFols. 10, No image availableFols 164r–173v XXI(10/fols. 164r-173v) ; No image availableFols 174r–177v B(4/fols. 174r-177v);

Formula 1: 1 (4), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (8), 10 (8), 11 (8), 12 (8), 13 (8), 14 (8), 15 (8), 16 (8), 17 (8), 18 (8), 19 (8), 20 (8), 21 (7), 22 (10), 23 (4),

Formula 2: 1 (4), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (8), 10 (8), 11 (8), 12 (8), 13 (8), 14 (8), 15 (8), 16 (8), 17 (8), 18 (8), 19 (8), 20 (8), 21 (7), 22 (10), 23 (4),

State of preservation

good

Condition

Several cuts repaired, e.g., fols. 7, 20, 29, 40, 66, 106, 115, 123, 162. Square hole skilfully repaired on check the viewer98 . Hole carefully repaired on check the viewer131 .

Binding

Two wooden boards covered with reddish-brown tooled leather. Two pairs of sewing stations.

Binding decoration

Binding material

wood

leather

Original binding

Yes

Layout

Layout note 1

Number of columns: 3

Number of lines: 37

H 285mm
W 260mm
Intercolumn 10mm
Margins
top 40
bottom 65
right 40
left 20
intercolumn 10
(All data are for check the viewer6r .)

Ms Gāntā ʾAfašum, ʾAḥzarā Māryām, DMA-014 main part

has a sum of layout height of 390mm which is greater than the object height of 370mm has a sum of layout width of 320mm which is greater than the object height of 300mm

Layout note 1

Ruling
  • (Subtype: pattern) Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C.
  • The upper line is written above the ruling.
  • The bottom line is written above the ruling.
  • Additional ruled line on the top of (Excerpt from check the viewer173r)
    , 173v.
Pricking
  • Pricking and ruling are visible.
  • Primary pricks are visible.
  • Ruling pricks are visible.

Palaeography

  • Hand 1

    Scribe: Tawalda Madḫǝn scribe

    Script: Ethiopic

    Mediocre, somewhat irregular.

    Ink: Black, red.

    Rubrication: Holy names; names of the donors; names of King Mǝnilǝk II (fol. 67rb) and King Bakāffa (fol. 158vc); name of the scribe (fol. 173ra); incipits of the sections and subsections of the text; a few lines are rubricated alternating with black lines on fols. 5r, 18va, 19rc, 25ra, 51rc, 52vc, 55rc, 77r, 82rb, 93ra, 94vc, 99vb, 110rc, 112rb, 116va, 121rc, 126va, 140rb; titles of the Biblical books and other works; directives for the ministers or their abbreviations; names of Hebrew letters on fols. 122ra-122va (Lam. 3); the words nāstabaqqʷǝʿaka (fols. 66vc-67rb, Text I-7), yǝbe matargʷǝm (fol. 92ra, Text 1-8) ʾǝgziʾo taśahālanna (fol. 158vb-159va, Text I-9); elements of the quire marks in fols. 21r, 29r, 45r, 69r, 141r; elements of the punctuation signs; elements of the text dividers; elements of Ethiopic numerals.

    Date: 19th century.

    Tawalda Madḫǝn scribe is mentioned as the scribe on check the viewer173ra . 19th century.

    Abbreviations

  • ይሕ፡ for ይብል፡ ሕዝብ፡
  • ይካ፡ for ይብል፡ ካህን፡
  • ይዲ፡ for ይብል፡ ዲያቆን፡

      • Publication Statement

      authority
      Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik
      pubPlace
      Hamburg
      publisher
      Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
      availability

      This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.

      date
      2016-06-07T17:38:45.537+02:00
      date
      type=expanded
      16.12.2024 at 13:20:15
      date
      type=lastModified
      19.11.2019
      idno
      type=collection
      manuscripts
      idno
      type=url
      https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESdma014/main
      idno
      type=URI
      https://betamasaheft.eu/ESdma014
      idno
      type=filename
      ESdma014.xml
      idno
      type=ID
      ESdma014

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    Suggested citation of this record

    Irene Roticiani, Denis Nosnitsin, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, Eugenia Sokolinski, ʻGāntā ʾAfašum, ʾAḥzarā Māryām, DMA-014 (encoded from the catalogue)ʼ, in Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 2019-11-19) https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESdma014 [Accessed: 2025-01-01]

    To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

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    Revision history

    • Eugenia Sokolinski adjusted to schema on 19.11.2019
    • Pietro Maria Liuzzo transformed from mycore to TEI P5 on 10.5.2016
    • Denis Nosnitsin last edited in Ethio-SPaRe on 8.12.2014
    • Irene Roticiani catalogued in Ethio-SPaRe on 19.6.2013
    • Ethio-SPaRe team photographed the manuscript on 24.11.2010
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    Attribution of the content

    Alessandro Bausi, general editor

    Irene Roticiani, editor

    Denis Nosnitsin, editor

    Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

    Eugenia Sokolinski, contributor

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.