✖Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
✖Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
Shelf marks (full list)Manuscripts (search)List of Digitized ManuscriptsCatalogues EncodedInscriptions
✖We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
Clavis Aethiopica (Works)Narrative UnitsStudies
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
✖While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
Index of decorationsArt KeywordsIlluminations
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
✖We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
PlacesRepositories
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
✖We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
Persons and groupsEthnic units
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
✖This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
BibliographyIndexesProjectsVisualizationsGǝʿǝz Morphological ParserOnline Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae
Help

You are looking at work in progress version of this website. For questions contact the dev team.

Hover on words to see search options.

Double-click to see morphological parsing.

Click on left pointing hands and arrows to load related items and click once more to view the result in a popup.

Explore this page
Do you want to notify us of an error, please do so by writing an issue in our GitHub repository (click the envelope for a precomiled one).
On small screens, will show a navigation bar on the leftOpen Item Navigation
Edit Not sure how to do this? Have a look at the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines!
Hide pointersClick here to hide or show again the little arrows and small left pointing hands in this page.
Hide relatedClick here to hide or show again the right side of the content area, where related items and keywords are shown.
EntryMain Entry
TEI/XMLDownload an enriched TEI file with explicit URIs bibliography from Zotero API.
GraphSee graphs of the information available. If the manuscript contains relevant information, then you will see visualizations based on La Syntaxe du Codex, by Andrist, Canart and Maniaci.
geoJson
RelationsFurther visualization of relational information

Gondar

Francesca Panini

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/LOC3577Gondar
town
WikiData Item Q218861
Manuscripts in Gondar
Places IndexGeneralDescriptionMap

Names

ጎንደር፡↗ normalized: Gondar↗ alt: ጐንደር፡↗ normalized: Gʷandar↗ North Gondar↗ Bagemdǝr↗ ʾAmhārā↗ Red Sea↗ Ṭānā↗ ʾƎnnāryā↗ Gondarine Kingdom↗ Ethiopia↗ ʾAṭṭāṭāmi Mikāʾel↗ Šawā↗ Dabra Tābor↗ Governo dell'Amhara↗ Africa Orientale Italiana↗ Bagemdǝr↗ Sǝmen↗ Ṭānā↗ Ethiopia↗

ጎንደር፡am

alt: ጐንደር፡am


Show a larger map

General information

description: Gondar has enjoyed a strategic position: it is 35 km north of the lake Ṭānā↗ close to the point where two strategic caravan routes joined. It also benefited from being surrounded by a semicircle of mountains and close to fertile lands and water supply. Historically, Gondar population was divided into two main groups that lived in clearly separated quarters and neighbourhoods: the royal court and nobility on the one hand; the merchants, craftsmen and commoners on the other. Until the Italian occupation, Muslims and Beta ʾƎsrāʾel↗ had to live separated from the Christians and were assigned precise quarters. Gondar is today one of the largest cities in Ethiopia↗ .

Foundation date

17th century?

Foundation story

Although the name "Gondar" is first mentioned in the 14th century to designate a regiment of soldiers and it was subsequently used to designate a small market town inhabited by Muslim traders and Beta ʾƎsrāʾel↗ craftsmen, it developed as a major centre only after ʾaṣe role: title Fāsiladas↗ chose it as his camp in 1636-1637.

History

history: The town of Gondar is located in today's North Gondar↗ Zone (historically Bagemdǝr↗ province) in the ʾAmhārā↗ Regional State. Gondar started to flourish after ʾaṣe role: title Fāsiladas↗ chose it as his camp in 1636-'37 to control the collection of customs on the Red Sea↗ - Ṭānā↗ - ʾƎnnāryā↗ trade routes. Following its foundation and for approx. 130 years (from 1630s to 1760s), Gondar was the political, religious, cultural and intellectual capital of the Gondarine Kingdom↗ . Its founder Fāsiladas↗ built the first nucleus of the town including his castle, some churches and his pleasure pool. After him, his son ʾaṣe role: title Yoḥānnǝs I↗ and grandson ʾaṣe role: title ʾIyāsu I↗ chose to remain in Gondar and built their own castles and churches. So by the late 17th century, Gondar had become a permanent and sizeable settlement where Ethiopian rulers resided when not campaigning and where the highest commercial, political and religious classes gathered around the throne. In the 17th century Gondar also became the major commercial centre of northern Ethiopia↗ . During the 18th century, the royal compound was completed with the construction of castles by Dāwit III↗ , Bakāffā↗ and ʾIyāsu II↗ , the church of ʾAṭṭāṭāmi Mikāʾel↗ by Dāwit III↗ and various subsidiary buildings (the whole surrounded by a double wall with twelve gates and reinforcing towers). However, by the late 18th century, no more castles were built and, from the 19th century, Gondar gradually lost its political power and shrank in size while the centre of the power moved to Šawā↗ . Tewodros II↗ set his capital in Dabra Tābor↗ and, in 1866 attacked, burnt and looted Gondar. Finally, in 1888 and 1889, the Mahdists attacked and burnt down what was left of the city which saw some redevelopment only in the 1920s . During the Italian occupation, Gondar became the capital of the Governo dell'Amhara↗ (one of six governorates forming the Africa Orientale Italiana↗ ), it was restructured and rebuilt along modernist lines and its population increased significantly. After the defeat of the Italians in 1941, Gondar became the capital of the Province of Bagemdǝr↗ and Sǝmen↗ , flourished and grew in population becoming a major commercial and cultural centre.

Secondary Bibliography

  • Berry, L. B., J. Quirin, and D. Crummey 2005. ‘Gondär’, in S. Uhlig, ed., Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, II (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), 838a–848a.
    ZoteroOther citations

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Keywords

town

    Publication Statement

    authority
    Gazetteer of Places related to Ethiopian Written tradition, Hiob Ludolf Zentrum für Äthiopistik
    pubPlace
    Hamburg
    publisher
    Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
    availability

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.

    date
    2016-03-21
    date
    type=expanded
    2022-01-05T15:14:57.706+01:00
    date
    type=lastModified
    18.11.2016
    idno
    type=collection
    places
    idno
    type=url
    https://betamasaheft.eu/places/LOC3577Gondar
    idno
    type=URI
    https://betamasaheft.eu/LOC3577Gondar
    idno
    type=filename
    LOC3577Gondar.xml
    idno
    type=ID
    LOC3577Gondar

Select one of the keywords listed from the record to see related data

No keyword selected.
Administrative position
t:country ኢትዮጵያ
regional state ʾAmharā kǝllǝl
province በጌምድር
zone Samen Gondar
Coordinates 12.6000 37.4666
This page contains RDFa. RDF+XML graph of this resource. Alternate representations available via VoID.
Permalinks
Hypothes.is public annotations pointing here

Use the tag BetMas:LOC3577Gondar in your public hypothes.is annotations which refer to this entity.

CLOSE

Suggested citation of this record

Francesca Panini, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, Eugenia Sokolinski, ʻGondarʼ, in Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 2016-11-18) https://betamasaheft.eu/places/LOC3577Gondar [Accessed: 2024-11-30]

To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

CLOSE

Revision history

  • Francesca Panini Francesca Panini: added link to GeoNames entity on 18.11.2016
  • Francesca Panini Francesca Panini: added info to record regarding history and relations on 26.9.2016
  • Francesca Panini Francesca Panini: corrected xml:lang, some transcription and added info to record on 23.9.2016
  • Francesca Panini Francesca Panini: further info and mark-up on 24.8.2016
  • Francesca Panini Francesca Panini: corrections on 18.8.2016
  • Francesca Panini Francesca Panini: inserted info and relations on 9.8.2016
  • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: harmonized typology based on Eugenia indication in Issue 48. on 27.4.2016
  • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: Created file from google spreadsheet on 21.3.2016
  • Eugenia Sokolinski Eugenia Sokolinski: CREATED: place on 9.2.2016
CLOSE

Attribution of the content

Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

Eugenia Sokolinski, contributor

This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.