Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
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Compare manuscripts which contain Malkǝʾa fǝlsatā

They are currently 21.

London, British Library, BL Oriental 575 (1500-1500)
Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Sobania 1 (1600-1600)
  • ms_i1 (complete), Psalter (ff. 3r-152v)
  • ms_i1.1 (complete), Mazmura Dāwit (ff. 3r-121v)
  • ms_i1.2 (complete), Book of Odes (ff. 122r-133v)
  • ms_i1.3 (complete), Song of Songs (ff. 133v-138v)
  • ms_i1.4 (complete), Wǝddāse Māryām (ff. 139r-148r)
  • ms_i1.4.1, Monday (ff. 139r-)
  • ms_i1.4.2, Tuesday (ff. 139v-)
  • ms_i1.4.3, Wednesday (ff. 141r-)
  • ms_i1.4.4, Thursday (ff. 143r-)
  • ms_i1.4.5, Friday (ff. 145r-)
  • ms_i1.4.6, Saturday (ff. 146r-)
  • ms_i1.4.7, Sunday (ff. 147r-)
  • ms_i1.5 (complete), ʾAnqaṣa bǝrhān (ff. 148v-152v)
Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Weiner Codex 325 (1600-1600)
  • ms_i1 (incomplete), Psalter (ff. 1r-140v)
  • ms_i1.1 (incomplete), Mazmura Dāwit (ff. 1r-117v)
  • ms_i1.2 (incomplete), Book of Odes (ff. 118r-126v)
  • ms_i1.3 (complete), Song of Songs (ff. 127r-130v)
  • ms_i1.4 (incomplete), Wǝddāse Māryām (ff. 131r-138r)
  • ms_i1.4.1, Monday (ff. 131r-)
  • ms_i1.4.2, Tuesday (ff. 131v-)
  • ms_i1.4.3, Wednesday (ff. 133v-)
  • ms_i1.4.4, Thursday (ff. 135r-)
  • ms_i1.4.5, Friday (ff. 136r-)
  • ms_i1.4.6, Saturday (ff. 136r-)
  • ms_i1.4.7, Sunday (ff. 137r-)
  • ms_i1.5 (incomplete), ʾAnqaṣa bǝrhān (ff. 138r-140v)
London, British Library, BL Oriental 641 (1630-1630)
    London, British Library, BL Oriental 574 (1650-1650)
    (1650-1650)
    Addis Ababa, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, MS 6 (1700-1700)
    London, British Library, BL Oriental 581 (1700-1700)
    (1700-1700)
    Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Weiner Codex 327 (1700-1700)
    Saint Petersburg, Institut Vostočnyh Rukopisej Rossijskoj Akademii Nauk, IV Orlov 12 (1750-1750)
    Portland, OR, Steven Delamarter Collection, Delamarter Istanbul Codex Reproduction (1750-1750)
    • ms_i1 (complete), Taʾammǝra ʾIyasus (ff. 3r-99r)
    • ms_i1.1, Short introduction, in a different hand (ff. 3r-3v ff. 149r-149v)
    • ms_i1.2, Introduction (ff. 4r-9v)
    • ms_i1.3, The Nativity of Our Lord (ff. 9v-11r)
    • ms_i1.4, Salome praises Our Lord (ff. 11r-11v)
    • ms_i1.5, The throne of Satan was shaken by the birth of our Lord (ff. 11v-14v)
    • ms_i1.6, Presentation of the Child Jesus to the Temple (ff. 14v-15r)
    • ms_i1.7, The coming of the Magi and the flight to Egypt (ff. 15r-17r)
    • ms_i1.8, The three robbers who met the Holy Family while returning from Egypt (ff. 17r-18r)
    • ms_i1.9, The righteous man from Nazareth whose cattle were stolen (ff. 18r-18v)
    • ms_i1.10, The fisherman whose fish were stolen (ff. 18v-19r)
    • ms_i1.11, The stolen calf (ff. 19r-20r)
    • ms_i1.12, Joseph and the lion (ff. 20r-20v)
    • ms_i1.13, The flooded plantation (ff. 20v-21v)
    • ms_i1.14, Jesus in the Temple with the Jews (ff. 21v-24r)
    • ms_i1.15, The adulteress (ff. 24r-24v)
    • ms_i1.16, The Samaritan women (ff. 24v-26r)
    • ms_i1.17, Choosing of the Apostles (ff. 26r-27v)
    • ms_i1.18, The raising from the dead the brother of a Jew and how animals praised Jesus (ff. 27v-28r)
    • ms_i1.19, The healing of the man who was born blind (ff. 28r-28v)
    • ms_i1.20, The raising from the dead of the son of the widow of Nain (ff. 29r-29v)
    • ms_i1.21, Zacchaeus who could not pay his debts (ff. 29v-31v)
    • ms_i1.22, Jesus at the tomb of Rachel (ff. 31v-33r)
    • ms_i1.23, The watermelon plantation which was destroyed by insects (ff. 33r-33v)
    • ms_i1.24, The hemorrhaging woman (ff. 33v-34v)
    • ms_i1.25, The man from Ǝlḫәdr who was suffering from skin disease (ff. 35r-36r)
    • ms_i1.26, The eradication of the locusts from Galilee and Judaea (ff. 36v-38r)
    • ms_i1.27, The lions of Ascalon (ff. 38r-38v)
    • ms_i1.28, Words of Jesus to his disciples at Jericho (ff. 38v-41r)
    • ms_i1.29, Words of Jesus to his disciples at Mount Olive (ff. 41r-42v)
    • ms_i1.30, Baptism and temptation of Jesus (ff. 42v-44r)
    • ms_i1.31, Testimony of John the Evangelist (ff. 44r-45v)
    • ms_i1.32, The wedding at Cana of Galilee (ff. 45v-46r)
    • ms_i1.33, The raising of Lazarus from the dead (ff. 46v-47v)
    • ms_i1.34, The words of our Lord on the future (ff. 48r-66r)
    • ms_i1.35, Palm Sunday (ff. 66r-68r)
    • ms_i1.36, The woman who anointed Jesus (ff. 68r-69v)
    • ms_i1.37, The Last Supper, the washing of the feet and the arrest of Jesus (ff. 69v-72v)
    • ms_i1.38, From Passion to burial (ff. 72v-77v)
    • ms_i1.39, The end of Judas Iscariot (ff. 77v-78v)
    • ms_i1.40, Resurrection of Jesus (ff. 78v-79v)
    • ms_i1.41, The women at the tomb (ff. 79v-82r)
    • ms_i1.42, The appearance of Jesus to Cleopas and Nicodemus (ff. 82r-83v)
    • ms_i1.43, Jesus prevents Cleopas, Nicodemus et al from attacking the Jews in revenge for killing him (ff. 83v-84v)
    • ms_i1.44, The conspiracy of the Jews to arrest Joseph of Armathea (ff. 84v-87v)
    • ms_i1.45, The appearance of Jesus to the Apostles at the Sea of Tiberias (ff. 87v-89r)
    • ms_i1.46, The appearance of Jesus to the Apostles in the Cenacle (ff. 89r-90r)
    • ms_i1.47, The Ascension of Jesus (ff. 90r-92v)
    • ms_i1.48, Pentecost (ff. 92v-94r)
    • ms_i1.49, The Apostles go out to preach the New Testament (ff. 94r-99r)
    • ms_i2 (complete), Taʾammǝra Giyorgis (ff. 99r-141r)
    • ms_i2.1, The miracle Our Lord performed for his martyr (ff. 99r-101r)
    • ms_i2.2, Ǝndәrәyas and his wife who wanted to build a church in the name of the martyr (ff. 101r-103r)
    • ms_i2.3, The healing a man with an evil spirit at the consecration of the church (ff. 103r-104r)
    • ms_i2.4, The Jew who stole church property (ff. 104r-105v)
    • ms_i2.5, Naṭolis, the son of Niqoros from Persia (ff. 105v-106r)
    • ms_i2.6, The two brothers who met a lion while traveling (ff. 106v-107r)
    • ms_i2.7, Säqrqäṭәs, the lame rich Christian from Jerusalem who vowed to give money to the church if he could walk by the help of the martyr (ff. 107r-108r)
    • ms_i2.8, The man who stole from the property of the church (ff. 108v-109r)
    • ms_i2.9, Awhәyos, the wicked ruler of Egypt (ff. 109r-111r)
    • ms_i2.10, Awlogyos from Antioch (ff. 111r-114r)
    • ms_i2.11, The head of the church that is reluctant to pay for the servants of the church (ff. 114r-117r)
    • ms_i2.12, How the martyr promised to help the man who was assigned by Emperor Constantine to build a church in the name of the martyr (ff. 117r-118v)
    • ms_i2.13, Bifan from Bilaqon and his wife (ff. 118v-121r)
    • ms_i2.14, How Diocletian was angry about the miracles performed in the church of St. George at Lydda (ff. 121r-123v)
    • ms_i2.15, The martyr appears riding his while horse on the river Nile (ff. 123v-125v)
    • ms_i2.16, How Christians and Muslims visited the church of the martyr hearing his miracles worked there (ff. 125v-)
    • ms_i2.17, How the martyr helped a Muslim who was lost in the desert (ff. 125v-126v)
    • ms_i2.18, The Muslim who did not keep his vow to give oil to the church (ff. 126v-127r)
    • ms_i2.19, How the relics of the martyr raised George from the dead (ff. 127r-128r)
    • ms_i2.20, The Muslim in Bәba whom the Jews accused because he celebrated the martyr (ff. 128r-129v)
    • ms_i2.21, The Muslim official in Bәba who hated St. George and the Christians (ff. 129v-130r)
    • ms_i2.22, The miracle in the church of St. George at Mu‘allaqa, called Dor al-Tiqa (ff. 130r-131r)
    • ms_i2.23, The Muslim woman who took communion with the Christians but later took it out of her mouth and kept it in a piece of cloth (ff. 131r-132r)
    • ms_i2.24, How St. George opened the door for the service of matrimony (ff. 132r-132v)
    • ms_i2.25, How St. George guarded the church the custodian forgot to close (ff. 132v-133r)
    • ms_i2.26, Abba Samu’el of Qalamun and the angel who could not fly (ff. 133r-135r)
    • ms_i2.27, The conspiracy of the Muslims to take over the church of St. George and the martyr from the Christians (ff. 135r-135v)
    • ms_i2.28, The ruler who was reluctant to give permission for the renewal of the church of St. George (ff. 135v-136r)
    • ms_i2.29, How St. George saved the house of a monk from fire (ff. 136r-136v)
    • ms_i2.30, How St. George helped a man against a host of Muslim who came to convert the Christians to their faith (ff. 136v-)
    • ms_i2.31, How St. George helped the custodian who barred a serpent from entering the church of the martyr (ff. 136v-137vr)
    • ms_i2.32, How St. George helped a boy to kill a serpent that was to attack him (ff. 137r-137v)
    • ms_i2.33, The beer container that did not break when it fell in a precipice (ff. 137v-)
    • ms_i2.34, The monk from whom the martyr took away his icon (ff. 137v-138r)
    • ms_i2.35, The king who moved into the new church built for St. George (ff. 138r-138v)
    • ms_i2.36, The fleet that could not move because the captain did not give his vow to the church (ff. 138v-139v)
    • ms_i2.37, The fisherman whom the martyr and Mähәmnan helped in pulling his net overfilled with fish (ff. 139v-)
    • ms_i2.38, The witness of a righteous monk that St. George is the greatest of all saints (ff. 139v-140r)
    • ms_i2.39, How eggs falling from the scaffolding of the painter did not break (ff. 140r-140v)
    • ms_i2.40, How painter who fell from his scaffolding was not hurt (ff. 140v-)
    • ms_i2.41, How a new church was built in place of another new church that the martyr did not like (ff. 140v-141r)
    • ms_i3 (complete), Malkǝʾa Śǝllāse (ff. 141v-145r)
    • ms_i4, The collection of hymns, “Does not a man?” አካኑ፡ ብእሲ፡ (ff. 145r-147v)
    • ms_i5 (complete), Malkǝʾa fǝlsatā (ff. 147v-148v)
    • ms_i6, An Account of Fallen Angels (ff. 149r-149v)
    Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Kaleab Addis Project 65 (1750-1750)
    Gulo Maḵadā, ʾAmbasat Kidāna Mǝḥrat, AKM-011 (1800-1800)
    Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Holcomb Codex 1 (1889-1889)
    Williams, OR, Marwick Collection, Marwick Codex 13 (1900-1900)
    • ms_i1, no ref in title (ff. 1r-82r)
    • ms_i1.1, Booklet of prayer that came down from heaven for a nobleman in the land of the Afrǝgi (ff. 1r-17v)
    • ms_i1.1.1 (complete), ʿƎqabanni (shorter version) (ff. 1r-9v)
    • ms_i1.1.2 (complete), Litany to Mary (ff. 9v-14v)
    • ms_i1.1.3, Concluding prayer to Jesus Christ (ff. 14v-16r)
    • ms_i1.1.4, History of the book and the benefit of praying with it (ff. 16r-17v)
    • ms_i1.2 (complete), ʿƎqabanni (shorter version) (ff. 17v-23r)
    • ms_i1.3 (complete), Malkǝʾ-hymn to Our Lady Mary (ff. 23r-26v)
    • ms_i1.4 (complete), ʾAkko-nu bǝʾsi (ff. 26v-32r)
    • ms_i1.5, Hymn to Mary “Rejoice Mary, the Pasch of Adam,” ተፈሥሒ፡ ማርያም፡ ለአዳም፡ ፋኪካሁ፡ Possibly (but it is not the same as f. ms_i1.3, item 1.3 above) (ff. 32r-35v)
    • ms_i1.6 (complete), Malkǝʾa fǝlsatā (ff. 35v-38v)
    • ms_i1.7, Hymns to the Church (ff. 38v-40v)
    • ms_i1.7.1 (complete), Hymn to Our Lady Mary (ff. 38v-40r)
    • ms_i1.7.2, Greeting to the Church, ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ በኢተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ሎዛ፡ (ff. 40r-40v)
    • ms_i1.8, no ref in title (ff. 40v-44r)
    • ms_i1.8.1 (complete), Malkǝʾa sanbat (ff. 40v-43r)
    • ms_i1.8.2, Greeting to the Christian Sabbath, ሰላም፡ ለኪ፡ ዕለተ፡ ሰንበት፡ (ff. 43r-44r)
    • ms_i1.9, Halleluiatic hymn to Mary, concluded with a hymn to Christ, “My heart overflows with goodly themes,” ጐሥዓ፡ ልብየ፡ ቃለ፡ ሠናየ፡ (ff. 44r-49r)
    • ms_i1.10, Greeting to the suffering of Jesus Christ, ሰላም፡ ለሕማምከ፡ (ff. 49r-59r)
    • ms_i1.11, (ff. 59r-65v)
    • ms_i1.12 (complete), Malkǝʾa masqal (ff. 65v-71v)
    • ms_i1.13 (complete), Ba-samāy wa-ba-mǝdr ʾalbǝya bāʿd (ff. 71v-73v)
    • ms_i1.14 (complete), Malkǝʾa śǝqāyu la-Giyorgis (ff. 74v-82r)
    ʾAddis ʾAbabā, Capuchin Center for Research and Retreat, 79 (1900-1900)
    • ms_i1 (complete), Malkǝʾa fǝlsatā (ff. 1r-3v)
    • ms_i2, Praise of the Beloved in Honor of Mary, ስብሐተ፡ ፍቁር፡ (ff. 30r-36v)
    • ms_i3, Hymn to Mary, “I Praise Thy Grace, O My Lady Mary, the Angels Praise You in Heaven (ff. 10v-)
    • ms_i4, Hymn to Mary, “I Praise Thy Grace, Clothed in Golden Dress” (ff. 10v-12v)
    • ms_i5, Hymn to Mary, “I Praise Thy Grace, O My Lady Mary, A Tree, Ever Verdant,” እሴብሕ፡ ጸጋኪ፡ ኦእግዝእትየ፡ ማርያም፡ ዕፅ፡ ልምሉም፡ (ff. 12v-13v)
    • ms_i6, Hymn to Mary, “I Praise Thy Grace, O My Lady Mary, Life of the World.” (ff. 13v-14v)
    • ms_i7 (complete), ʾO-rǝḫrǝḫta ḫǝllinā (ff. 14v-18r)
    • ms_i8, Hymn to Mary, “I Praise They Grace, O One Who is Full of Grace (ff. 18r-19r)
    • ms_i9 (complete), Maṣḥafa saʿātāt (ff. 19r-45v)
    Portland, Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project, Munday Codex (1900-1900)
    ʾAddis ʾAbabā, Capuchin Center for Research and Retreat, 14 (1932-1932)
    • a1, no ref in title (f. 1r)
    • e1, no ref in title (ff.1v, 2r, 2v, 3r, 3v, 4r, 4v, 5r, 5v, 6v, 7v, 8v, 10r, 10v, 152r, 152v, 153r, 153v, 154v, 155r, 155v, 157r, 157v, 158r, 158v, 159r, 159v, 160r, 160v, 161r, 161v, 162r, 162v, 163r, 163v, 164r, 164v, 165r, 165v, 166r, 166v, 167r, 167v, 168r, 168v, 169r, 169v, 170r, 170v, 171r, 171v, 172r)
    • e2, no ref in title (ff.6r, 7r, 8r, 9r)
    • e3, no ref in title (ff.3, 4, 5)
    • e4, no ref in title (ff.11r, 13v, 17v, 26r, 30r)
    • e5, no ref in title (ff.27r, 37v, 57v, 63v, 101v)
    • e6, no ref in title (ff.68v, 121v, 151r)
    Denver, CO, Eliza Bennett Collection, Eliza Codex 2 (1950-1950)
    • ms_i1, Gospel of John (ff. 1r-111v)
    • ms_i1.1, Tuesday (ff. 7v-)
    • ms_i1.2, Sunday (ff. 8v-)
    • ms_i1.3, Monday (ff. 13r-)
    • ms_i1.4, Saturday (ff. 21v-)
    • ms_i1.5, Tuesday (ff. 27v-)
    • ms_i1.6, Saturday (ff. 49r-)
    • ms_i1.7, Wednesday (ff. 57r-)
    • ms_i1.8, Saturday (ff. 66r-)
    • ms_i1.9, Sunday (ff. 67v-)
    • ms_i1.10, Thursday (ff. 72r-)
    • ms_i1.11, Friday (ff. 91v-)
    • ms_i1.12, Sunday (ff. 103r-)
    • ms_i1.13, Wednesday (ff. 107r-)
    • ms_i2 (complete), Ṣalota kidān (ff. 112r-121v)
    • ms_i3 (complete), Malkǝʾa fǝlsatā (ff. 121v-126r)
    London, British Library, BL Oriental 578 (-)