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ImagesManuscript images in the Mirador viewer via IIIF

Belmont, MA, Alwan Collection, Alwan Codex 41

Jonah Sandford, Ashlee Benson

Alwan, EMIP

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/EMIP00251
Alwan Collection[view repository]

Collection: Alwan

Other identifiers: Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project EMIP 251

General description

Alwan Codex 41

Number of Text units: 64

Number of Codicological units: 1

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Origin

early-twentieth century

Summary

Homiliary in Honor of the Archangel Michael, ድርሳነ፡ ሚካኤል፡, Image of Michael, መልክአ፡ ሚካኤል፡
  1. ms_i2 (Fols 6r–119v

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    ), Dǝrsāna Mikāʾel
    1. ms_i2.1 (Fols 6r–9v

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      ), Introductory homily for the Homiliary in Honor of the Archangel Michael
    2. ms_i2.2 (Fols 10r–21r

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      ), Ḫǝdar
      1. ms_i2.2.1 (Fols 10r–19v

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        ), Homily, Dämatewos, bishop of Alexandria
      2. ms_i2.2.2 (Fols 19v–21r

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        ), Two miracles
    3. ms_i2.3 (Fols 21v–28r

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      ), Taḫśaś
      1. ms_i2.3.1 (Fols 21v–27r

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        ), Homily by John, the archbishop
      2. ms_i2.3.2 (Fols 27r–28r

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.3.3 (Fols 28r and following

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    4. ms_i2.4 (Fols 28v–36r

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      ), Ṭǝrr
      1. ms_i2.4.1 (Fols 28v–35r

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        ), Homily, author not given
      2. ms_i2.4.2 (Fols 35r–35v

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.4.3 (Fols 35v–36r

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    5. ms_i2.5 (Fols 36r–41r

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      ), Yäkkatit
      1. ms_i2.5.1 (Fols 36r–40r

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        ), Homily, author not given
      2. ms_i2.5.2 (Fols 40r–41r

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.5.3 (Fols 41r and following

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    6. ms_i2.6 (Fols 41r–46v,

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      56v–58r

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      ), Mäggabit
      1. ms_i2.6.1 (Fols 41r–46v

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        ), Homily by the archbishop of Antioch
      2. ms_i2.6.2 (Fols., f. 56v-57v, there is an inserted quire between ff. 46 and 57; see quire map below

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.6.3 (Fols 47r–56v

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        ), Excerpt of Miracle of Saint Michael from another source, inserted at this point in the codex
      4. ms_i2.6.4 (Fols 57v–58r

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    7. ms_i2.7 (Fols 58r–67r

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      ), Miyazya
      1. ms_i2.7.1 (Fols 58r–65r

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        ), Homily, author not given
      2. ms_i2.7.2 (Fols 65r–67r

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.7.3 (Fols 67r and following

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    8. ms_i2.8 (Fols 67v–71r

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      ), Gǝnbot
      1. ms_i2.8.1 (Fols 67v–69v

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        ), Homily by Yoḥannǝs, Bishop of Ethiopia, who came after Bishop Yǝśḥaq, on the conflict between the consort of King Arqadewos and John Chysostom
      2. ms_i2.8.2 (Fols 69v–71r

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.8.3 (Fols 71r and following

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    9. ms_i2.9 (Fols 71v–81r

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      ), Säne
      1. ms_i2.9.1 (Fols 71v–79r

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        ), Homily by Yoḥannǝs, Bishop of Aksum on the family of Astäraniqos and Euphemia
      2. ms_i2.9.2 (Fols 79r–81r

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.9.3 (Fols 81r and following

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    10. ms_i2.10 (Fols 81r–88v

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      ), Ḥamle
      1. ms_i2.10.1 (Fols 81r–87r

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        ), Homily by Bishop Yoḥannǝs on the wicked wealthy man whose property was inherited by the son of his poor neighbor
      2. ms_i2.10.2 (Fols 87r–88r

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.10.3 (Fols 88r–88v

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    11. ms_i2.11 (Fols 88v–92v

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      ), Näḥase
      1. ms_i2.11.1 (Fols 88v–92v

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        ), Homily (anonymous) on the book of the angels that came from Jerusalem
      2. ms_i2.11.2 (Fols 92v–93v

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.11.3 (Fols 93v and following

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    12. ms_i2.12 (Fols 94r–99r

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      ), Mäskäräm
      1. ms_i2.12.1 (Fols 94r–98r

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        ), Homily (anonymous) on not worshipping other gods
      2. ms_i2.12.2 (Fols 98r–98v

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.12.3 (Fols 98v–99r

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    13. ms_i2.13 (Fols 99r–106r

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      ), Ṭǝqǝmt
      1. ms_i2.13.1 (Fols 99r–104v

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        ), Homily (anonymous) on the need to make the angels sureties by honoring them
      2. ms_i2.13.2 (Fols 104v–105v

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        ), Miracle
      3. ms_i2.13.3 (Fols 105v–106r

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        ), Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam
    14. ms_i2.14 (Fols 106r–119v

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      ), Synaxary Entries for the months
      1. ms_i2.14.1 (Fols 106r–107v

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        ), Synaxary Entry for Ḫǝdar: the mission of the Archangel to Joshua, son of Nun
      2. ms_i2.14.2 (Fols 107v–108v

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        ), Synaxary Entry for Taḫśaś: Mission of the Archangel to rescue the three holy children
      3. ms_i2.14.3 (Fols 108v and following

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        ), Synaxary Entry for Ṭǝrr: Mission of the Archangel to save Jacob from the wrath of Esau
      4. ms_i2.14.4 (Fols 108v–109r

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        ), Synaxary Entry for Yäkkatit: Mission of the Archangel to Samson, the giant
      5. ms_i2.14.5 (Fols 109r–109v

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        ), Synaxary Entry for Mäggabit: Mission of the Archangel to Balaam
      6. ms_i2.14.6 (Fols 109v–110r

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        ), Synaxary Entry for Miyazya: Mission of the Archangel to the Prophet Jeremiah
      7. ms_i2.14.7 (Fols 110r and following

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        ), Synaxary entry for Gǝnbot: Mission of the Archangel to Habakkuk
      8. ms_i2.14.8 (Fols 110v–117v

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        ), Synaxary entry for Säne: The building of the church of the Archangel in place of a pagan temple in Alexandria
      9. ms_i2.14.9 (Fols 117v–118r

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        ), Synaxary entry for Ḥamle: Mission to the camp of Sennacherib
      10. ms_i2.14.10 (Fols 118r–118v

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        ), Synaxary entry for Näḥase: Mission of the Archangel to the Emperor Constantine
      11. ms_i2.14.11 (Fols 118v–119r

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        ), Synaxary entry for Mäskäräm: Mission to Prophet Isaiah
      12. ms_i2.14.12 (Fols 119r–119v

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        ), Synaxary entry for Ṭǝqǝmt: Mission to Prophet Samuel
  2. ms_i1 (Fols 1r–5v,

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    f, 121r, col. 1 ), Malkǝʾa Mikāʾel

Contents


Fols 1r–5v,

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f, 121r, col. 1 Malkǝʾa Mikāʾel (CAe 2835)

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Incipit (Gǝʿǝz ):ሰላም ለዝክረ ስምከ ምስለ ስመ ልዑል ዘተሳተፈ


Fols 6r–119v

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Dǝrsāna Mikāʾel (CAe 1295)

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Fols 6r–9v

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Introductory homily for the Homiliary in Honor of the Archangel Michael

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Fols 10r–21r

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Ḫǝdar

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Fols 10r–19v

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Homily, Dämatewos, bishop of Alexandria

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Fols 19v–21r

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Two miracles

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Fols 21v–28r

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Taḫśaś

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Fols 21v–27r

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Homily by John, the archbishop

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Fols 27r–28r

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Miracle

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Fols 28r and following

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 28v–36r

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Ṭǝrr

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Fols 28v–35r

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Homily, author not given

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Fols 35r–35v

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Miracle

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Fols 35v–36r

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 36r–41r

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Yäkkatit

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Fols 36r–40r

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Homily, author not given

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Fols 40r–41r

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Miracle

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Fols 41r and following

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 41r–46v,

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56v–58r

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Mäggabit

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Fols 41r–46v

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Homily by the archbishop of Antioch

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Fols., f. 56v-57v, there is an inserted quire between ff. 46 and 57; see quire map below

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Miracle

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Fols 47r–56v

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Excerpt of Miracle of Saint Michael from another source, inserted at this point in the codex

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Fols 57v–58r

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 58r–67r

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Miyazya

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Fols 58r–65r

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Homily, author not given

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Fols 65r–67r

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Miracle

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Fols 67r and following

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 67v–71r

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Gǝnbot

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Fols 67v–69v

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Homily by Yoḥannǝs, Bishop of Ethiopia, who came after Bishop Yǝśḥaq, on the conflict between the consort of King Arqadewos and John Chysostom

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Fols 69v–71r

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Miracle

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Fols 71r and following

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 71v–81r

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Säne

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Fols 71v–79r

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Homily by Yoḥannǝs, Bishop of Aksum on the family of Astäraniqos and Euphemia

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Fols 79r–81r

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Miracle

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Fols 81r and following

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 81r–88v

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Ḥamle

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Fols 81r–87r

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Homily by Bishop Yoḥannǝs on the wicked wealthy man whose property was inherited by the son of his poor neighbor

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Fols 87r–88r

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Miracle

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Fols 88r–88v

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 88v–92v

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Näḥase

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Fols 88v–92v

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Homily (anonymous) on the book of the angels that came from Jerusalem

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Fols 92v–93v

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Miracle

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Fols 93v and following

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 94r–99r

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Mäskäräm

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Fols 94r–98r

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Homily (anonymous) on not worshipping other gods

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Fols 98r–98v

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Miracle

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Fols 98v–99r

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 99r–106r

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Ṭǝqǝmt

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Fols 99r–104v

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Homily (anonymous) on the need to make the angels sureties by honoring them

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Fols 104v–105v

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Miracle

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Fols 105v–106r

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Greeting to the Archangel, Sälam

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Fols 106r–119v

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Synaxary Entries for the months

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Fols 106r–107v

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Synaxary Entry for Ḫǝdar: the mission of the Archangel to Joshua, son of Nun

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Fols 107v–108v

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Synaxary Entry for Taḫśaś: Mission of the Archangel to rescue the three holy children

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Fols 108v and following

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Synaxary Entry for Ṭǝrr: Mission of the Archangel to save Jacob from the wrath of Esau

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Fols 108v–109r

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Synaxary Entry for Yäkkatit: Mission of the Archangel to Samson, the giant

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Fols 109r–109v

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Synaxary Entry for Mäggabit: Mission of the Archangel to Balaam

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Fols 109v–110r

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Synaxary Entry for Miyazya: Mission of the Archangel to the Prophet Jeremiah

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Fols 110r and following

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Synaxary entry for Gǝnbot: Mission of the Archangel to Habakkuk

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Fols 110v–117v

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Synaxary entry for Säne: The building of the church of the Archangel in place of a pagan temple in Alexandria

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Fols 117v–118r

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Synaxary entry for Ḥamle: Mission to the camp of Sennacherib

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Fols 118r–118v

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Synaxary entry for Näḥase: Mission of the Archangel to the Emperor Constantine

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Fols 118v–119r

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Synaxary entry for Mäskäräm: Mission to Prophet Isaiah

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Fols 119r–119v

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Synaxary entry for Ṭǝqǝmt: Mission to Prophet Samuel

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Additions In this unit there are in total 2 , 1 .

  1. (Type: OwnershipNote)

    Fol. ir(ecto) Note of ownership, including the name Täklä Haymanot

  2. (Type: OwnershipNote)

    f. 6r and passim The names Wäldä Iyyäsus and Gäbrä Maryam, Dässaläñ (Abäša) replace that of the original owner

  3. f. 19v and passim Name, Lǝğ Abäša

  4. Fol. 28r “The name of the father is Wäldä Iyyäsus and the name of the son is Gäbrä Maryam.”

  5. Fol. 35r Dässaläñ Abäša

  6. Fol. 57v Wälättä Säma‘t

  7. Fol. 71r Dässaläñ Abäša signs, himself

  8. Fol. 104v Note of ownership, list of names: Wäldä Iyyäsus, Gäbrä Maryam, and Dässaläñ Abäša

  9. f. 98r, bottom of col. 1 “Your name is Wäldä Iyyäsus, Your name is Wäldä Iyyäsus, Your name is Wäldä Iyyäsus.”

  10. Fol. 105v Prayer of Gäbrä Maryam

  11. (Type: RecordTransaction)

    f. 121r, col. 2 Transaction of land, enacted in 1910 E.C.

  12. Fol. 121v “Saint Michael and Gabriel.”

Extras

  1. Numbered quires: quires 2–9

  2. Scribal intervention: words of text are written interlinearly (folss. 3v, 5v, 28r, 106v, , etc.); erasure markings are visible (104r )

Decoration In this unit there are in total 5 s, 1 .

Frame notes

  1. frame: Decorative designs: folss. 6r, 67v, 71v, (colorful, ornate ḥaräg extending down the side margins); 19v, (simple ḥaräg in red and black ink); 28r, 35r, 40r, 56v, 92v, 105v, 110r, 121r, (multiple full stops); 36r, 41r, 46v, 58r, 67r, 79r, 81r, 87r, 88v, 99r, 109v, 110r, 118r, 119v, (multiple full stops with lines of alternating red and black dots); 104v, (simple ḥaräg in pink and black ink); 106r, 107v, 108v, 109r, 117v, 119r (line of alternating red and black dots)

Miniatures notes

  1. miniature: Fol. iv(erso)

    Crude drawings of a figure (upside down) and a face

  2. miniature: Fol. 120r

    Angel Michael Enthroned with sword above a bound Satan. With caption Legend: ( ) “Saint Michael,” and “How the Devil was cast away because of his pride.”

  3. miniature: f. 120v, top

    Drawing in pen of an Angel with sword and scabbard, and a patron on the right with caption Legend: ( ) “How Kassa Bäläw prayed” and left with captionLegend: ( ) “his wife” of the

  4. miniature: f. 120v, bottom

    Drawing in pen of two patrons laying on their sides with caption Legend: ( ) “how Kasa Bäläw pleaded while the angel protected him” and his wife, with the top patron with its head on the right and the bottom patron with its head to the left. The Michael is to the right of these patrons

  5. miniature: Fol. 121v

    Crude drawing of figure in pen

Physical Description

Form of support

Parchment Codex

Extent

+NaN (leaf) .Entered as i + 121 12 (quire) .Entered as 12 240 185 55
Outer dimensions
Height 240mm
Width 185mm
Depth 55mm

Quire Structure Collation

Signatures: Quires 2-9 numbered

Quire descriptions: quires 1–5 and 7–11 balanced; quires 6 and 12 unbalanced. Quire 6 (fols 47–56, ) appears to be a separate quire that has been stitched into quire 7 between 46, 57. A folio stub is visible between fols. 45, 46. Two folio stubs are visible between folss. 120, 121, . One folio stub is visible after 121, . Two ff. have been inserted between 119, 121.
Position Number Leaves Quires Description
1 1 6 Fols i–5 Quire 1
2 2 10 Fols 6–15 Quire 2
3 3 10 Fols 16–25 Quire 3
4 4 8 Fols 26–33 Quire 4
5 5 10 Fols 34–43 Quire 5
6 6 10 Fols 47–56 Quire 6 (fols 47–56, ) appears to be a separate quire that has been stitched into quire 7 between 46, 57. Quire 6
7 7 9 Fols 44–46, Fols 57–62 A folio stub is visible between fols. 45, 46. Quire 7: 7, stub after 2
8 8 10 Fols 63–72 Quire 8
9 9 10 Fols 73–82 Quire 9
10 10 10 Fols 83–92 Quire 10
11 11 10 Fols 93–102 Quire 11
12 12 10 Fols 103–112 Quire 12
13 13 9 Fols 113–121 Two folio stubs are visible between folss. 120, 121, . One folio stub is visible after 121, . Two ff. have been inserted between 119, 121. Quire 13: 1, stub after 9 3, stub after 8 8 added

Collation diagrams


Quire 1
Quire ID:q1, number:1
Collation diagram Quire 1 1 6 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3

Quire 2
Quire ID:q2, number:2
Collation diagram Quire 2 7 16 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 3
Quire ID:q3, number:3
Collation diagram Quire 3 17 26 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 4
Quire ID:q4, number:4
Collation diagram Quire 4 27 34 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

Quire 5
Quire ID:q5, number:5
Collation diagram Quire 5 35 44 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 6
Quire ID:q6, number:6
Notes: 1) Quire 6 (fols 47–56, ) appears to be a separate quire that has been stitched into quire 7 between 46, 57.
Collation diagram Quire 6 45 54 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 7: 7, stub after 2
Quire ID:q7, number:7
Notes: 1) A folio stub is visible between fols. 45, 46.
Collation diagram Quire 7 55 63 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 8
Quire ID:q8, number:8
Collation diagram Quire 8 64 73 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 9
Quire ID:q9, number:9
Collation diagram Quire 9 74 83 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 10
Quire ID:q10, number:10
Collation diagram Quire 10 84 93 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 11
Quire ID:q11, number:11
Collation diagram Quire 11 94 103 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 12
Quire ID:q12, number:12
Collation diagram Quire 12 104 113 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

Quire 13: 1, stub after 9 3, stub after 8 8 added
Quire ID:q13, number:13
Notes: 1) Two folio stubs are visible between folss. 120, 121, . One folio stub is visible after 121, . Two ff. have been inserted between 119, 121.
Collation diagram Quire 13 114 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5 Unit #6

Ethio-SPaRe formula : I(6/Fols i–5) – II(10/Fols 6–15) – III(10/Fols 16–25) – IV(8/Fols 26–33) – V(10/Fols 34–43) – VI(10/Fols 47–56) – VII(8+1/s.l. 7, stub after 2/Fols 44–46, Fols 57–62) – VIII(10/Fols 63–72) – IX(10/Fols 73–82) – X(10/Fols 83–92) – XI(10/Fols 93–102) – XII(10/Fols 103–112) – XIII(7+2/s.l. 1, stub after 9; s.l. 3, stub after 8; s.l. 8 added /Fols 113–121) –

Formula: Fols i–5 Quire 1 ; Fols 6–15 Quire 2 ; Fols 16–25 Quire 3 ; Fols 26–33 Quire 4 ; Fols 34–43 Quire 5 ; Fols 47–56 Quire 6 ; Fols 44–46, Fols 57–62 Quire 7: 7, stub after 2 ; Fols 63–72 Quire 8 ; Fols 73–82 Quire 9 ; Fols 83–92 Quire 10 ; Fols 93–102 Quire 11 ; Fols 103–112 Quire 12 ; Fols 113–121 Quire 13: 1, stub after 9 3, stub after 8 8 added ;

Formula 1: 1 (6), 2 (10), 3 (10), 4 (8), 5 (10), 6 (10), 7 (9), 8 (10), 9 (10), 10 (10), 11 (10), 12 (10), 13 (, +8),

Formula 2: 1 (6), 2 (10), 3 (10), 4 (8), 5 (10), 6 (10), 7 (9), 8 (10), 9 (10), 10 (10), 11 (10), 12 (10), 13 (, leaf added after fol. 120),

Binding

Parchment, 240 x 185 x 55 mm, four Coptic chain stitches attached with bridle attachments to rough hewn wooden boards covered with tooled leather, decorative linen is visible between the front turn-in, headband and tailband.

Binding material

parchment

wood

leather

textile

Original binding

Yes

Layout

Layout note 1

H
W
Margins
top 35mm
bottom 54mm
right 33mm
left 9mm

Ms Belmont, MA, Alwan Collection, Alwan Codex 41 main part

looks ok for measures computed width is: NaNmm, object width is: 185mm, computed height is: NaNmm and object height is: 240mm.

Layout note 1(Fols 1r–121r

Images relevant for Belmont, MA, Alwan Collection, Alwan Codex 41, msDesc ms, from EMIP/Codices/251/

You are viewing a sequence of images from f. 1r to f. 121r

Open with Mirador Viewer

)

Number of columns: 2

Number of lines: 19-21

Palaeography

  • Hand 1

    Script: Ethiopic

    Rubrication: ሚካኤል፡ ማርያም፡ ክርስቶስ፡

    The words Michael, Mary and Christ are rubricated
  • Keywords

    Publication Statement

    authority
    Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik
    publisher
    Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
    pubPlace
    Hamburg
    availability

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.

    date
    type=expanded
    3.5.2024 at 09:43:55
    date
    type=lastModified
    12.11.2020
    idno
    type=collection
    manuscripts
    idno
    type=url
    https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/EMIP00251/main
    idno
    type=URI
    https://betamasaheft.eu/EMIP00251
    idno
    type=filename
    EMIP00251.xml
    idno
    type=ID
    EMIP00251

    Edition Statement

    The initial version of this file was created from data kindly provided by the Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project directed by Steve Delamarter.

    Encoding Description

    Encoded according to the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines. These Guidelines detail the TEI format ruled by the Beta maṣāḥǝft Schema. The present TEI file is enriched with an Xquery transformation taking advantage of the exist-db database instance where the data is stored and of the many external resources to which this data points to.

    Definitions of prefixes used.

    Select one of the keywords listed from the record to see related data

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    Hypothes.is public annotations pointing here

    Use the tag BetMas:EMIP00251 in your public hypothes.is annotations which refer to this entity.

    Suggested Citation of this record

    To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

    Jonah Sandford, Ashlee Benson, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, Ralph Lee, ʻBelmont, MA, Alwan Collection, Alwan Codex 41ʼ, in Alessandro Bausi, ed., Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 2020-11-12) https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/EMIP00251 [Accessed: 2024-05-17]

    Revisions of the data

    • Ashlee Benson Minor changes on 12.11.2020
    • Ashlee Benson Updated facs statements on 6.11.2020
    • Ashlee Benson Added items on 5.8.2020
    • Ralph Lee Corrected ǝ character on 18.4.2020
    • Jonah Sandford Added quire desc, binding desc, margin dim, columns/lines, dating info on 12.9.2018
    • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Created XML record from EMIP Collection Metadata.xsls on 18.1.2018

    Attributions of the contents

    Jonah Sandford, editor

    Ashlee Benson, editor

    Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

    Ralph Lee, contributor

    The initial version of this file was created from data kindly provided by the Ethiopic Manuscript Imaging Project directed by Steve Delamarter.
    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.