Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
Help

You are looking at work in progress version of this website. For questions contact the dev team.

Hover on words to see search options.

Double-click to see morphological parsing.

Click on left pointing hands and arrows to load related items and click once more to view the result in a popup.

Do you want to notify us of an error, please do so by writing an issue in our GitHub repository (click the envelope for a precomiled one).
On small screens, will show a navigation bar on the leftOpen Item Navigation
Edit Not sure how to do this? Have a look at the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines!
Hide pointersClick here to hide or show again the little arrows and small left pointing hands in this page.
Hide relatedClick here to hide or show again the right side of the content area, where related items and keywords are shown.
EntryMain Entry
TEI/XMLDownload an enriched TEI file with explicit URIs bibliography from Zotero API.
SyntaxeSee graphs of the information available. If the manuscript contains relevant information, then you will see visualizations based on La Syntaxe du Codex, by Andrist, Canart and Maniaci.
RelationsFurther visualization of relational information
TranscriptionTranscription (as available). Do you have a transcription you want to contribute? Contact us or click on EDIT and submit your contribution.
ImagesManuscript images in the Mirador viewer via IIIF

Gulo Maḵadā, ʿĀddi Qiyāḥto Qǝddǝst Māryām, QQM-004

Susanne Hummel (cataloguer)

This manuscript description is based on the catalogues listed in the catalogue bibliography

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004
ʿĀddi Qiyāḥto Qǝddǝst Māryām[view repository]

Collection: Ethio-SPaRe

page 100rhttps://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100r
column 100rahttps://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra
line 100ra1https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra1
line 100ra2https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra2
line 100ra3https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra3
line 100ra4https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra4
line 100ra5https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra5
line 100ra6https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra6
line 100ra7https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra7
line 100ra8https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra8
line 100ra9https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra9
line 100ra10https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra10
line 100ra11https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra11
line 100ra12https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra12
line 100ra13https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra13
line 100ra14https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra14
line 100ra15https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra15
line 100ra16https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra16
line 100ra17https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra17
line 100ra18https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra18
line 100ra19https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra19
line 100ra20https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra20
line 100ra21https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra21
line 100ra22https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra22
line 100ra23https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100ra23
column 100rbhttps://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb
line 100rb1https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb1
line 100rb2https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb2
line 100rb3https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb3
line 100rb4https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb4
line 100rb5https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb5
line 100rb6https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb6
line 100rb7https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb7
line 100rb8https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb8
line 100rb9https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb9
line 100rb10https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb10
line 100rb11https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb11
line 100rb12https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb12
line 100rb13https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb13
line 100rb14https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb14
line 100rb15https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb15
line 100rb16https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb16
line 100rb17https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb17
line 100rb18https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb18
line 100rb19https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb19
line 100rb20https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb20
line 100rb21https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb21
line 100rb22https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100rb22
page 100vhttps://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100v
column 100vahttps://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va
line 100va1https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va1
line 100va2https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va2
line 100va3https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va3
line 100va4https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va4
line 100va5https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va5
line 100va6https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va6
line 100va7https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va7
line 100va8https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va8
line 100va9https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va9
line 100va10https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va10
line 100va11https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va11
line 100va12https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va12
line 100va13https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va13
line 100va14https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va14
line 100va15https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va15
line 100va16https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va16
line 100va17https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va17
line 100va18https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va18
line 100va19https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va19
line 100va20https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va20
line 100va21https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va21
line 100va22https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va22
line 100va23https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va23
line 100va24https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100va24
column 100vbhttps://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb
line 100vb1https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb1
line 100vb2https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb2
line 100vb3https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb3
line 100vb4https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb4
line 100vb5https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb5
line 100vb6https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb6
line 100vb7https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb7
line 100vb8https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb8
line 100vb9https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb9
line 100vb10https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb10
line 100vb11https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb11
line 100vb12https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb12
line 100vb13https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb13
line 100vb14https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb14
line 100vb15https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb15
line 100vb16https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb16
line 100vb17https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb17
line 100vb18https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb18
line 100vb19https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb19
line 100vb20https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb20
line 100vb21https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb21
line 100vb22https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb22
line 100vb23https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100vb23
  • Citation URI: https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004.100
  • Collection API: https://betamasaheft.eu/api/dts/collections?id=https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004
  • Navigation API: https://betamasaheft.eu/api/dts/navigation?id=https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004&ref=100
  • Document API: https://betamasaheft.eu/api/dts/document?id=https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqqm004&ref=100
folio : 100
Alignment Start a translation alignment with Alpheios Alignment. You can also add morphological annotations there. See instructions in GitHub.
Quotations Check for marked up quotations of a passage in this section
back to top

| | |ሃ፡ ወቅዱስ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሊቅሙ፡ | ወእንዘ፡ ያንቃዓዱ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዝ|እትነ፡ ድንግል፡ በ፪ማርያም፡ ና|መ፡ ሕቀ፡ ወርእየ፡ ወበውስተ፡ ህ|ልሙ፡ ከመ፡ እግዝእትነ፡ ማርያ|ህለወት፡ በማኅረ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ ወ|ይእቲ፡ ትብል፡ መኑ፡ የሐውር፡ | ከመ፡ ይቅትሎ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ኃል|ያድ፡ ወተመይጠት፡ ይእቲ፡ ወ|ርእየቶ፡ ለፈረሳዊ፡ ሰማዕት፡ | ዘተቀብረ፡ ውስተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ደ|ብር። ወንዋየ፡ ሐቀሉ፡ ኀቤሆ|ሙ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ | ወረሞሑ፡ ወወልታሁ። ወት|ቤሎ፡ እግዝእትነ፡ ቅድስት፡ ድ|ንግል፡ በ፪ማርያም፡ ለውእቱ፡ | ሰማዕት፡ ተንሥእ፡ ፍጡነ፡ ወ|ቅንት፡ ገዋየ፡ ሐቀልከ፡ ወተጸ|እን፡ ዲበ፡ ፈረሰከ፡ ወቅትሎ፡ ለ|ጸርየ፡ ወለጸረ፡ ወልየ፡ ገልያድ፡ | ወተንሥኦ፡ ሶቤሃ፡ እምውስተ፡ | መቃብር፡ ወነሥአ፡ ዓዋየ፡ ሐ|ሐሱ፡ ወተድዕነ፡ ዲበ፡ ፈረሱ| |ወሖረ፡ ወነቅሖ፡ ሊቀ፡ እምን|ሙ፡ ወነገሮሙ፡ ለአኃዊሁ፡ ዘ|ከመ፡ ርእየ፡ ወሖሩ፡ እሙንቱ፡ | ኀበ፡ መቃብሩ። ወአልቦ፡ ዘረከ|ዑ፡ ውስቴቱ፡ አላ፡ ረከብዋ፡ ለ|መቃብር፤፡ እንዘ፡ ርኀው፡ ወሖ|ሩ፡ ኀበ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ወ|ኢረከቡ፡ ንዋየ፡ ሐቀሉ፡ ወይቤ|ሉ፡ አማን፡ ሖረ፡ ሰማዕት፡ ለአ|ሎ፡ ጎልያድ፡ ረዕ፡ ወኮዕ፡ | ማዕት፡ ይዘርዎሙ፡ ለመስተ|ጽዕናነ፡ አፍራስ፡ ጎልደድ፡ ወ|እሙንቱሰ፡ ኢይሬእይዋ፡ ዘ|እንበለ፡ ጎልደድ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ወ|ይቤ፡ ጎልያድ፡ ከልዕዎ፡ ለዝን|ቱ፡ ፈረሳዊ፡ ከመ፡ መጺእ፡ ኢይ|ቀትለኒ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይኔጽሮ፡ | እንበሌየ። ወእንዘ፡ ዘንተ፡ ይ|ትናገር፡ ወማየ፡ ሰማዕት፡ ው|ስተ፡ ልቡ፡ ወቀትሎ፡ ወተዘ|ርው፡ ለራዊቱ፡ ወተመይጠ፡ | ሰማዕት፡ ኀበ፡ መቃብሩ፡ ወ | | |ወሶበ፡ ቦኡ፡ ኀበ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲ|ያገ፡ ርእዩ፡ ንዋየ፡ ሐቅሉ፡ ስቁ|ል፡ ከመ፡ ቀዳሚ፡ ወረምሑ፡ ቅ|ቡዕ፡ በደም፡ ወፈረሱኒ፡ ውስ|ተ፡ ማኅደሩ፡ እንዘ፡ ደንጠበጥ|ብ፡ ሖፉ። ወአእመሩ፡ ከመ፡ | ቀትሎ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ብእሲ፡ ረ|ሲዕ፡ በትእዛዘ፡ እግዝእትነ፡ | ድስት፡ ድንግል፡ በ፪ማርያ|፡ መስተሣህልት፡ ረዳኢተ፡ | ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ይትለአክወ፡ እ|ምኵሉ፡ ምንዳሊ፡ ወሐዘን። | ጸሎታ፡ ወበረከታ፡ የሀሉ፡ ም|ስለ፡ ገብራ፡ ገብ|ለዓለ|ከመ፡ ዓለም፡ አሜን። | ተአምሪሃ፡ ለእግዝእትነ፡ ቅድ|ስት፡ ድንግል፡ በ፪ማርያም፡ | ወላዲተ፡ አምላክ፡ ትንብል፡ | ናሃ፡ የሀሉ፡ ምስሌነ፡ ለዓለመ፡ | ዓለም፡ አሜን፡ አሜን። ወሀ|ሎ፡ ፩ብእሲ፡ ዘያፈቀራ፡ ለ|እግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ ሊቀ፡ | ጸወርተ፡ ሜስ፡ ዘንጉሠ፡ | |አፍርንሳ፡ እስመ፡ ልማዳሙ፡ | ውእቱ፡ ቀዊመ፡ ፩በየማን፡ | ወ፩በፀገም፡ በበሠራዊቆ|ሙ፡ ወንጉሥሰ፡ ያፈቀሮ፡ ፈ|ድፋደ፡ ለሊቀ፡ ፸ወርተ፡ ሊ|ሜስ፡ ዘጸገም። ወሶበ፡ ርእየ፡ | ዘይቀው፡ በጸገም፤ ከመ፡ ይት|ፈቀር፡ እምኔሁ፡ ዘይቀውም፡ በ|የማን፡ እኀዘ፡ ቀንዓት፡ ስምክ|ረ፡ ሰይጣን፡ እስመ፡ አኀዘ፡ ወደ|ዳየ፡ ውስተ፡ ልቡ፡ እስየ። ወ|ይቤሎ፡ ኦእኁየ፡ እስመ፡ ንጉ|ሥ፡ ያፈቀረከ፡ ጥቀ፡ ወይብል|በእንቲአከ፡ ፩እመ፡ አልቦቱ፡ | ፩ነውር፡ እምወሀብክዎ፡ ወላ|ትየ። ወባሕቱ፡ ሶበ፡ ይእኅዝ፡ ጽ|ዋዓ፡ ከመ፡ ይስትየኒ፡ ይጸይዓ|ኒ፡ አስትንፋስ፡ አፋሁ። ወይቤ|ሎ፡ ምንተ፡ እግባር፡ በእንተ፡ ዝ|ንቱ፡ ወአውሥአ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብ|ል፡ በተምያን፡ ወሶበ፡ ኮነ፡ ትአ|ንዝ፡ ጽዋዓ፡ ወርቅ፡ ከመ፡ ታስ|ትዮ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ሚጥ፡ ገበከ፡ መ

Text visualization help

Page breaks are indicated with a line and the number of the page break. Column breaks are indicated with a pipe (|) followed by the name of the column.

In the text navigation bar:

  • References are relative to the current level of the view. If you want to see further navigation levels, please click the arrow to open in another page.
  • Each reference available for the current view can be clicked to scroll to that point. alternatively you can view the section clicking on the arrow.
  • Using an hyphen between references, like LIT3122Galaw.1-2 you can get a view of these two sections only
  • Clicking on an index will call the list of relevant annotated entities and print a parallel navigation aid. This is not limited to the context but always refers to the entire text. Also these references can either be clicked if the text is present in the context or can be opened clicking on the arrow, to see them in another page.

In the text:

  • Click on ↗ to see the related items in Pelagios.
  • Click on to see the which entities within Beta maṣāḥǝft point to this identifier.
  • [!] contains additional information related to uncertainties in the encoding.
  • Superscript digits refer to notes in the apparatus which are displayed on the right.
  • to return to the top of the page, please use the back to top button

Catalogue Bibliography

Catalogue Bibliography of codicological unit 1

This page contains RDFa. RDF+XML graph of this resource. Alternate representations available via VoID.
Hypothes.is public annotations pointing here

Use the tag BetMas:ESqqm004 in your public hypothes.is annotations which refer to this entity.

Suggested Citation of this record

To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

Susanne Hummel, Denis Nosnitsin, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, Eugenia Sokolinski, Giulia Casella, ʻGulo Maḵadā, ʿĀddi Qiyāḥto Qǝddǝst Māryām, QQM-004ʼ, in Alessandro Bausi, ed., Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 2021-04-06) https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESqqm004 [Accessed: 2024-05-26]

Revisions of the data

  • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: transformed Transkribus export in TEI to BM added facsimile and transkribus text, split file with xinclude on 6.4.2021
  • Giulia Casella Giulia Casella: aligned images in Transkribus on 5.4.2021
  • Eugenia Sokolinski Eugenia Sokolinski: adjusted to schema, introduced msParts, msItems on 12.8.2020
  • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: transformed from mycore to TEI P5 on 10.5.2016
  • Denis Nosnitsin Denis Nosnitsin: last edited in Ethio-SPaRe on 14.9.2015
  • Susanne Hummel Susanne Hummel: catalogued in Ethio-SPaRe on 14.5.2014
  • Denis Nosnitsin: Ethio-SPaRe team photographed the manuscript on 24.5.2011

Attributions of the contents

Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

Eugenia Sokolinski, contributor

Giulia Casella, contributor

This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.