Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
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Chronicle of Zarʾa Yāʿqob

Dorothea Reule

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle
CAe 4646Clavis Aethiopica, an ongoing repertory of all known Ethiopic Textual Units. Use this to refer univocally to a specific text in your publications. Please note that this shares only the numeric part with the Textual Unit Record Identifier.
1https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.1
2https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.2
3https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.3
4https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.4
5https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.5
6https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.6
7https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.7
8https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.8
9https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.9
10https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.10
11https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.11
12https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.12
13https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.13
14https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.14
15https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.15
16https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.16
17https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.17
18https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.18
19https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.19
20https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.20
21https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.21
22https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.22
23https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.23
24https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.24
25https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle.25
  • Citation URI: https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle
  • Collection API: https://betamasaheft.eu/api/dts/collections?id=https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle
  • Navigation API: https://betamasaheft.eu/api/dts/navigation?id=https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle
  • Document API: https://betamasaheft.eu/api/dts/document?id=https://betamasaheft.eu/LIT4646Chronicle

paragraph : 1
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በስመ፡ ግፃዌ፡ ሠላስ፡ ዕሩያነ፡ ክብር፡ ወንግሥ፡ አብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ። እዌጥን፡ አንሰ፡ ከመ፡ እንብብ፡ ወአከርትስ። ኵሎ፡ ሥርዓታቲሁ፡ ለእግዚእነ፡ ወመሢሕነ፡ ዘርአ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ዘተሰምየ፡ ቈስጠንጢኖስ፡ ወልደ፡ ማርያም፡ ክቡር፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ይረስዮ፡ ጽድቆ፡ ወመንግሥቶ፡ ከመ፡ ይትዋረስ፡ በከመ፡ ሕሊናሁ፡ ይፈቅድ፡ ወየኃሥሥ። ወይሡጥ፡ ካዕበተ፡ ፀጋሁ፡ ላዕለ፡ ወልዱ፡ ልብነ፡ ድንግል፡ ሐዲስ፡ ለረኪበ፡ ፍድፉድ፡ ዕበይ፡ ወሞገስ፡ በከመ፡ ተሰውጠ፡ ካዕበተ፡ መንፈሱ፡ ለኤልያስ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኤልሳዕ፡ ረድኡ፡ ጊዜ፡ ዓርገ፡ ላዕለ፡ በአፍራሰ፡ መንፈስ። ወያንኅ፡ መዋዕሊሁ፡ እስከ፡ ኅልፈተ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወየብስ፡ አሜን።
paragraph : 2
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ወኮነ፡ በመዋዕሊሁ፡ ለንጉሥነ፡ ዘርአ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ዓቢይ፡ ወረዓድ፡ ላዕለ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ ዘኢትዮጵያ፡ በእንተ፡ ፍትሐ፡ ኵነኔሁ፡ ወኃይሉ። ወፈድፋደሰ፡ በእንተ፡ እለ፡ ይብሉ፡ ሰብእ። ሰገድነ፡ ለደሰክ፡ ወለዲያብሎስ። ወያረስሕዎሙ፡ ለብዙኃን፡ ኅሩያን፡ በነገረ፡ ሐሰቶሙ፡ ወሰቦ፡ ሰምዓ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ ፡ ኰነኖሙ፡ ለእሉ፡ በስምዓ፡ እሉ፡ ሐሳውያን፡ አምሒሎ፡ በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ደመ፡ ዚአሆሙ፡ ይረሲ፡ ላዕሌክሙ፡ ዘንተሰ፡ ዘገብረ፤
paragraph : 3
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ንጉሥ፡ ቀኒዖ፡ በእንተ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እስከ፡ ለውሉዱ፡ ኢመሀኮሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ተሰምዩ፡ አስማቲሆሙ፡ገላውዴዎስ፡ ዓምደ፡ ማርያም፡ ዘርአ፡ አብርሃም፡ በትረ፡ ጽዮን፡ ወለአዋልዲሁ፡ እለ፡ ይብልዎን፡ ድል፡ ሰምራ፡ ሮም፡ ገነየላ፡ አደል፡ መንግሣ። ወለብዙኃንሂ፡ እለ፡ ኢያእመርኩ፡ ቦእምኔሆሙ፡ እለ፡ ሞቱ፡ ወቦ፡ እምኔሆን፡ እለ፡ ሐይዋ፡ እኅዋኒሆሙሰ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ሞቱ።
paragraph : 4
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ወውእተ፡ ጊዜ፡ ተነግረ፡ ዓዋጂ፡ በሰቀላ፡ እንዘ፡ ይትበሃል፡ ኦሕዝበ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘከመ፡ ይገብር፡ ሰይጣን፡ ሶበ፡ አሕደግናሆሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ሰብእ፡ እምአምልኮ፡ ጣዖት። ወእምሰጊድ፡ ለደሰክ፡ ወለዲኖ፡ ይእዜሰ፡ ቦአ፡ ውሰተ፡ ቤትነ፡ ወአስሐተ፡ ውሉደነ፡ ወኰነኖሙ፡ ብዙኃ፡ ኵነኔ። ወአርአይዎሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ ሠራዊት፡ ቅሰፈታተ፡ ቊስላቲሆሙ፡ ወምንዳቤያቲሆሙ፡ ወበእንተዝ፡ በከዩ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሕዝብ፡ ሶበ፡ ነገርዎሙ፡ ወአርአይዎሙ፡ ዘንተ፡ ኵሎ፡ ወአዘዝዎሙ፡ ከመ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ምሕላ፡ ወከመ፡ ይጽሐፉ፡ ውስተ፡ ፍጽሞሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብሉ፡ ዘአብ፡ ወወልድ፡ ወመንፈስ፡ ቅዱስ። ወበእደዊሆሙ፡ ዘየማን፡ እንዘ፡ ይብሉ፡ ክህድክዎ፡ ለዲያብሎስ፡ በክርስቶስ፡ አምላክ። ወበፀጋማይ፡ እዶሙ፡ ክህድክዎ፡ ለደሰክ፡ ርጉም፡ አነ፡ ገብራ፡ ለማርያም፡ እሙ፡ ለፈጣሬ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓለም። ወዘንተ፡ ዘኢገብረ፡ ይትበርበር፡ ቤቱ፡ ወይትኰነን፡ ሥጋሁ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ አዘዘ፡ ንጉሥ፡ በውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዓለም።
paragraph : 5
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ለዘርአ፡ ጽዮንሰ፡ ዘተሰምየ፡ ዘርአ፡ ሰይጣን፡ በነቢበ፡ ሐሰት፡ ዘአቅተለ፡ ብዙኃነ፡ መነኮሳተ፡ ወደባትረ፡ ወኵሎ፡ ዕደ፡ ወአንስተ፡ ሶበ፡ ከሠተ፡ ሎቱ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ብዙኃ፡ ዓመፃሁ። አመንኰስዎ፡ ወአግዓዝዎ፡ ውስተ፡ ሐይቅ።
paragraph : 6
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ወበውእቱ፡ መዋዕል፡ ነበረ፡ ዓቃቤ፡ ሰዓት፡ አምኃ፡ ጽዮን፡ ዘያፈቅሮ፡ ጥቀ፡ ንጉሥነ። ወሶበ፡ ይወፅእ፡ ወይበውእ፡ ውስተ፡ ቤቱ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይሬእዮ፡ እምሰብእ፡ ወኀበ፡ ማኅደሩሂ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይበጽሕ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ሕፃናት፡ ፪፡ አው፡ ፫፡ ወልፁቅ፡ ማኅደሩ፡ ምስለ፡ ጀጐል፡ ዘንጉሥ። ወሶበ፡ ረከቦ፡ ነገር፡ ይጼውዕ፡ ፩፡ እመነኮሳቲሁ፡ ምእመነ። ወይልእክ፡ ኀበ፡ ዘፈቀደ፡ ዘቅሩብ፡ ወዘርኁቅ። ዝኵሉ፡ በእንተ፡ ክብረ፡ መንግሥት፡ እስመ፡ ይቀርብ፡ ውእቱ፡ ኵሎ፡ ጊዜ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወከማሁ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ውስጥ፡ ብላቴኖች፡ ኢይትራከቡ፡ ምስለ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወአብያትሂ፡ አልቦሙ፡ ወይነብሩ፡ ወትረ፡ ውስተ፡ ውስጥ።
paragraph : 7
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ወሶበ፡ ይወፅኡ፡ መንገለ፡ አፍአ፡ ምስለ፡ መልከኛ፡ ይወፅኡ፡ ወይገብኡ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ንዑሳን። ወኢየአምሩ፡ አንስተ። ወኢይትላጸዩ፡ ሥዕርተ፡ ርእሶሙ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በትእዛዘ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወኢይለብሱ፡ ርሱሐ። ወሶበ፡ በጽሑ፡ ኀበ፡ ቤተ፡ ባዕዳን፡ ለበሊዕ፡ ወለሰትይ፡ ወለተናግሮ፡ ይኴንኖሙ፡ ወይቀትልዎሙ፡ ለእሉሂ፡ ወለእለ፡ አግብእዎሙ።
paragraph : 8
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ብሕት፡ ወደድሰ፡ ዘየማን፡ ወዘፀጋም፡ አልቦ፡ በውእቱ ፡ መዋዕል። ባሕቱ፡ ነበራ፡ እንዘ፡ ይኤዝዛ፡ ፪ቲ፡ አሕት፡ አዋልደ፡ ንጉሥ፡ በየማን፡ መድኅን፡ ዘመዳ፡ ወበፀጋም፡ ብርሃን ፡ ዘመዳ። እምድኅረ፡ አሰርዎ፡ ወኰነንዎ፡ ለምታ፡ ዓምደ፡ መስቀል፡ ዘተሰምየ፡ ድኅረ ፡ ዓምደ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ሶበ፡ ሰምዓ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ነገረ፡ ዓመፃ፡ ብዙኃ፡ ወነገረ፡ ማዕሌት፡ ዘገብረ፡ ወዘሐለየ፡ በልቡ፡ እንበለ፡ ድልወቱ። ዘኢይሔልዮ፡ ልበ፡ እጓለ፡ አመሕያው፡ ዘከመ፡ ሐለየ፡ ዲያብሎስ፡ ርጉም፡ ዘኢይደሉ፡ ነጊረ፡ ወበእንተዝ፡ አውደቆ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ እመንበሩ፡ ወአሕሠሮ፡ ፈድፋደ። ከማሁ፡ ለውእቱኒ፡ ዓምደ፡ ሰይጣን፡ አውደቆ፡ አምላከ፡ እስራኤል።
paragraph : 9
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ወካልአኒ፡ ኃጢአተ፡ ገብረ። አውሰበ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሰሪቆ፡ አሐተ፡ ብእሲተ፡ እንዘ፡ ምተ፡ እስራኤላዊት፡ ውእቱ፡ ወሀቦ፡ ለአምኃ፡ ኢየሱስ፡ ጻሰርጔ፡ ያውስባ። ወሰሚዓ፡ ብእሲቱ፡ብርሃን፡ ዘመዳ፡ ብርሃን፡ ዘመዳ፡ ነገረት፡ ለአቡሃ፡ ንጉሥ። ወሶበ፡ ተስእሎ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ አምነ፡ ውእቱኒ፡ ከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ዘንተ፡ ኃጢአተ። ወበእንተዝ፡ ገብረ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ጉባኤ፡ ብዙኃ፡ ሠራዊተ። ወከሠተ፡ ኵሎ፡ ኃጢአቶ፡ በቅድሜሆሙ። ወእምዝ፡ አዘዘ፡ ከመ፡ ይፍትሑ፡ ላዕሌሁ፡ ፍትሐ፡ ሞት፡ ዘከመ፡ ይደልዎ። ወበፍትሐ፡ እሉ፡ ከረዩ፡ ምድረ፡ ወደርበይዎ፡ ለውእቱኒ። ወለአምኃ፡ ኢየሱስኒ፡ ጻሰርጔ። ወለኖብሂ፡ ንቡረ፡ እድ፡ ዘደብረ፡ ዳሞ፡ ወምንኵስናሁ፡ ደብረ፡ በኵር፤ ዘተሳተፈ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ሰመይዎ፡ ስሞ፡ ከበሮ፡ ሰይጣን፡ ወደበይዎ፡ ኅቡረ።
paragraph : 10
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ለዓምደ፡ ሰይጣንሰ፡ አግዓዝዎ፡ ምድረ፡ አምሐራ፡ ወኢየአምር፡ መኑሂ፤ መካኖ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ለአምኃ፤ ኢየሱስኒ፡ ወለኖብ፡ ዘይቤልዎ፡ ከበሮ፡ ሰይጣን፡ አግዓዝዎሙ፡ ምድረ፡ ወለኢሳይያስሰ፡ ብሕት፡ ወደድ፡ እምቅ ድመ፡ ዓምደ፡ ሰይጣን፡ እንዘ፡ ሀለወ፡ ንጉሥነ፡ ምድረ፡ አምሐራ፡ ዘትሰመይ፡ ቅሰት። ሰማዕኩ፡ በዕዝንየ፡ ርእየሰ፡ ኢርኢኩ፡ ወኢነበርኩ፡ አኃዝዎአ፡ በህየ፡ ወወደዩ፡ ውስተ፡ ክሣዱ ፤ ጋጋ፡ ዓቢየ፡ ዘሐፂን፡ ወአግዓዝዎ፡ በእንተ፡ ዓመፃሁ፡ ወሰድዎ፡ መካን፡ ኢያእመርኩ፡
paragraph : 11
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እምድኅረ፡ ዓምደ፡ ሰይጣንሰ፡ ዘተሰይመ፡ ብሕት፡ ወደድ፡ ነት፡ ኢረከብኩ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እላ፡ ፪ቲ፡ አሐት፡ እንዘ፡ ይኤዝዛ፡ ዘነበራ፡ በቤት፡ ብሕት፡ ወደድ። ወከማሆን፡ ለኵሎን፡ አኃቲሆን፡ ሤሞን፡ ንጉሥ፡ አቡሆን፡ ውስተ፡ ኵሉ፡ ምድረ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ በታሕቴሁ፡ በትግራይ፡ ድል፡ ሠምራ፡ ወበአንጎት፡ ባሕር፡ መንግሣ፡ ወበግድም፡ ሶፍያ፡ ወበኢፋት፡ አመተ፡ ጊዮርጊስ። ወበሸዋ፤ ሮም፡ ገነየላ፡ ወበዳሞት፡ መድኅን፡ ዘመዳ። ወበቤገምድር፡ ዓባለ፡ ማርያም፡ በገኝ፡ አጽናፍ፡ ሰገዱ፡ ወለተ፡ እኅቱ፡ ይእቲ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ወበካልእሰ ፡ ብሔር፡ ኢያአመርኩ፡ ስሞን፡ ለእለ፡ ተሰይማ።
paragraph : 12
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ወእምድኅሬሆንሰ፡ አኀዘ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ኵሎ፡ ሢመታተ፡ ኢትዮጵያ፡ ውስተ፡ እዴሁ፡ ወሤመ፡ አደክሸትነት፡ ውስተ፡ አህጉር፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ በሸዋ፡ ራቅ፡ ማሰሬ። ወበፈጠጋር፡ አዛዢ፡ ወረሰይክዎ፡ መልከኛ፡ ለዓምደ፡ ሚካኤል፡ በኵሉ፡ ምድረ፡ ፈጠጋር። ወሢመተሂ፡ ወሀብክዎ፡ ፈረገለ፤ አድምነት፡ በደዋሮ፡ አውራሪ፡ በጅር፡ ወበምድረ፡ ግብርሂ፤ ሄገኖ፡ ወበወጅሂ፡ ሄገኖ፡ በዳሞት፡ ዕራቅ፡ ማሰሬ፡ በጐዣም፡ ራቅ፡ ማሰሬ፡ በቤገምድር፡ ራቅ፡ ማሰሬ፡ በትግሬ፡ ራቅ፡ ማሰሬ፡ በቅዳ፡ ራቅ፡ ማሰሬ፡ በአንጎት፡ ራቅ፡ ማሰሬ። በአምሐራሰ፡ ይቤልዎ፡ ጸሕፈላም፡ በገኝ፡ ወበግድም፡ ወበኢፋት፡ ይቤልዎሙ፡ ለእሉ፡ ራቅማሰራ፡
paragraph : 13
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ወርዕዱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብእ፡ እምግርማ፡ መንግሥቱ። ወእምዕበየ፡ ኃይሉ፡ ወኀበ፡ ሐድያሰ፡ ገራድ፡ ሶበ፡ ለአኩ፡ ቃለ፡ ሐፄ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብሉ፡ ነዓ፡ ውስተ፡ ዴዴነአ፡ ፀዊረከ፡ አ፡ መንግሠአ። ወይቤ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሐድያ፡ ገራድ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ማሂኮ፡ ወልዱ፡ ለገራድ፡ ምሕመድ፡ ወእኁሃ፡ ለኢቴ፡ ዣን፡ ዜላ፡ ንግሥት፡ በቀኝእ፡ በአልቲሀት፡ ኢይመጽእአ፡ አንሰአ፡ ኀበ፡ ዴዴክሙአ፡ ወኢይወጽእ፡ እምብሔርየአ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ከመዝ፡ ለአከ፡ ውእቱኒ፡ ወአበየ፡ ቃለ፡ ንጉሥ።
paragraph : 14
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ወሰሚዖ፡ ከመ፡ ዓለወ። መጽአ፡ ፩፡ ብእሲ፡ እምሥዩማነ፡ ሐድያ፡ ዘይብልዎ፡ ገንይቾ፡ ገራድ፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጐጉዕ። ወነገረ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዕበዶ፡ ለሐድያ፡ ገራድ። ወይቤ፡ ውእቱሰ፡ ሠርዓ፡ ሥርዓተ፡ ፀብዕ፡ ብዙኃ፡ ወለአከ፡ ኀበ፡ አደል፡ ከመ፡ ይምጻእ፡ ወይትራድኦ፡ ለአጥፍኦ፡ ምድረ፡ ደዋሮ፡ ወባሊ። ወይቤሎ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለገዳይቶ፡ ገራድ፡ መኑ፡ ኃብረ፡ ምስሌሁ፡ ኵሎሙኑ፡ ሰብአ፡ ሐድያ፡ ወሚመ፡ መንፈቆሙኑ፡ እፎ፡ ይኄይስ፡ ምክር፡ በዘንገብር፡ ወይቤ፡ ውእቱ፡ እለ፡ ኀብሩሰ፡ ምስሌሁ። ጉዶላ፡ ገራድ፡ ወዲሆ፡ ገራድ፡ ወሐደቦ፡ ገራድ፡ ወገነዞ፡ ገራድ፡ ወሰጋ፡ ገራድ፡ ወገብ፡ ገራድ፡ ወቀብዔን፡ ገራድ፡ ወጎገለ፡ ገራድ፡ ወሀለብ፡ ገራድ፡ እሉ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ እለ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ምስሌሁ። ወምክሩሂ፡ ይኄይስ፡ ኦእግዚእየ፡ ከመ፡ የምጽእዎ፡ ለገራድ፡ ባሞ፡ እኅወ፡ አቡሁ ፡ እምደጌን፡ ወይሢምዎ፡ በዝየ፡ ከመ፡ ይሠዓር፡ ምክሩ ፡ ወኃይሉ፡ ለማሒኮ፡ ገራድ፡ ሐድያ።
paragraph : 15
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ወውእተ፡ ጊዜ፡ ሰሚዖ፡ ምክሮ፡ ለገዳይቾ፡ ገራድ፡ አዘዘ፡ ንጉሥነ፡ ዘርአ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ከመ፡ ያምጽእዎ፡ በጒጒዓ፡ ለገራድ፡ ባሞ፡ እምድረ፡ ዴገን፡ ዘነበረ፡ ቦቱ፡ ወሶቤሃ፡ አምጽእዎ፡ ፍጡነ፡ ወሤምዎ፡ ሐድያ፡ ገራድነት፡ እንዘ፡ ሀለዉ፡ ደብረ፡ ብርሃን፡ ወወሀብዎ፡ ብዙኃ ፡ አልባሰ፡ ሠርጒ፡ ሎቱኒ፡ ወለገዳይቾ፡ ወፈነውዎሙ፡ ምስለ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ሠራዊት፡ እለ፡ ይሰመዩ፡ በፀር፡ ሾተል፡ እምሀገረ፡ ዳሞት። ወተአዘዙ፡ ኵሉ፡ ሰብአ፡ ደዋሮ፡ ወባሊ ። ወይቤልዎሙ፡ ዑቁኬ፡ ኢያምሥጥክሙ፡ ወኢይሑር፡ ኀበ፡ ምድረ፡ አደል፡ ወእምድኅረዝ፡ ጠቅዑ፡ መጥቅዓ፡ ወተጋብኡ፡ ብዙኃን፡ መነኮሳት፡ ወካህናት፡ ወአዘዝዎሙ፡ ከመ ፡ ይግበሩ፡ ምሕላ፡ በበአብያተ፡ ክርስቲያናቲሆሙ፡ በውሂበ፡ ብዙኅ፡ ዕጣን፡ ወበውሂበ፡ አልባስ፡ ለነዳያን፡ ወለምስኪናን፡ ወበይእቲ፡ ዕለት፡ እምድኅረ፡ ፍጻሜ፡ ዕጣን፡ ርኢኩ፡ ራእየ፡ እንዘ፡ ይብል፡ ንጉሥነ፡ ዘርአ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ነገረ፡ ለቅዱሳን፡ አምጽእዎ፡ ኀቤየ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ዕልው፡ አሲሮሙ፡ በጽኑዕ፡ ሐብል፡ ወንፅሕዎ፡ በቅድሜየ፡ ከመዝ፡ አሰተርአየትኒ፡ ሊተ፡ እግዝእትነ፡ ማርያም፡ በዛቲ፡ ሌሊት፡ በሕልምየ፡ ከመ፡ ይትፈጸም፡ ሊተ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ራእይየ። ጸልዩ፡ ወሰአሉ፡ ኀበ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላኪየ።
paragraph : 16
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ዝንቱሰ፡ ሐድያ፡ ገራድ፡ ባሞ፡ ሖረ፡ ወበጽሐ፡ ውስተ፡ ሀገሩ፡ ምስለ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ሐራ፡ ዘወሀብዎ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወአሜሃ፡ ተቀበልዎ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ሥዩማን፡ እለ፡ ዓለዉ፡ ቀዳሚ፡ ወገብኡ፡ ውስተ፡ እደዊሁ፡ ወሶበ፡ ሰምዓ፡ ዘንተ፡ ነገረ፡ ማሒኮ፡ ምስለ፡ እሊዓሁ፡ እንዘ፡ ይፈቅድ፡ ይሑር፡ መንገለ፡ አደል። ወተለውዎ፡ ዳሞ፡ ኃዳሪ፡ እስከ፡ በጽሑ፡ ምድረ፡ ስጋ፡ ወበህየ፡ ረከብዎ፡ በዊአ፡ አምባ። ውእቱሰ፡ ዘረወ፡ ውስተ፡ ፍኖቶሙ፡ ብዙኃ፡ ንዋም፡ እመነ፡ መርዌ፡ ወግምጃ፡ ወተሳዋፊ፡ ከመ፡ አይትልውዎ፡ በነሢአ፡ ውእቱ፡ ንዋይ። እሙንቱሰ፡ ኢተመይጡ፡ ውስተ፡ ንዋዩ፡ አላ፡ ዴገንዎ፡ በጽኑዕ፡ ወቦኡ፡ ኀበ፡ ቦአ፡ አምባ፡ ዚአሁ፡ ወቀተልዎ፡ ወመተሩ ፡ ርእሶ፡ ዓዲ፡ እደዊሁ፡ ወእገሪሁ ፡
paragraph : 17
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ወበጽሐ፡ ፍጡነ፡ ዝንቱ፡ ዜና፡ ኀበ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወተፈሥሐ፡ በእንተዝ፡ ንጉሥሂ፡ ወሠ ራዊቱ፡ ወገብሩ፡ ከመ፡ ሰሙነ፡ ፋሲካ፡ በማሕሌት፡ ብዙኅ፡ ወበዘፈን። ወአእኰትዎ፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ብዙኃ፡ ኵሎሙ፡ ቅዱሳን፡ በእንተ፡ ዘሰምዓ፡ ጸሎቶሙ፡ ወጸሎት፡ መሢሑ፡ ዘርአ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ወአውደቆ፡ ለፀሩ፡ ፍጡነ፡ እንበለ፡ ጐንድዮ፡
paragraph : 18
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ወእምዝ፡ መጽአ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሐድያ፡ ገራድ፡ ወእሉ፡ ዳሞት፡ ኃዳሪ፡ ፀዊሮሙ፡ ርእሶ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ዕልው፡ ዘተመትረ፡ ምስለ፡ እደዊሁ፡ ወእገሪሁ። ወቆሙ፡ ቅድመ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ወተናገሩ፡ ኵሎ፡ ዘከመ፡ ኮነ። ወሶቤሃ፡ ባረኮሙ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ለሐድያ፡ ገራድ፡ ወለገዳይቾ፡ ገራድ፡ ወለዳሞት፡ ኃዳሪ። ወወሀብዎሙ፡ መብልዓ፡ ወመስቴ፡ ዘዘዚአሆሙ፡ በበመፍቅዶሙ። ለውእቱኒ፡ ዓላዊ፡ ሰቀሉ፡ ርእሶ፡ እደዊሁኒ፡ ወእገሪሁኒ፡ በቀንዕ፡ ደጅ፡ በግራ፡ ደጅ፡ በሠርጉን፡ ደጅ። ወበበሊዖቱ፡ ተፈሥሑ፡ አክልብት፡ ወአዝዕብት፡ ወተፈጸመ፡ ራእዩ፡ ለንጉሥነ፡ ዘርአ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ ዘአርአየቶሙ፡ እግዝእትነ፡ ቅድስት፡ ድንግል፡ ማርያም፡ እምቅድመ፡ ይኩን፡ ዝንቱ፡ ኵሉ፡
paragraph : 19
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ወእምድኅረ፡ ኅዳጥ፡ መዋዕል፡ ፈነዎሙ፡ ለኵሎሙ፡ በበብሔሮሙ፡ በውሂበ፡ አልባሰ፡ ሠርጒ፡ ዘዘዚአሆሙ። ለገዳይቾ፡ ገራድሰ፡ አዘዙ፡ ሎቱ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይምልኮ፡ ሐድያ፡ ገራድ፡ እስከ፡ ውሉደ፡ ውሉዱ። ወለዘቀተሎሂ፡ ለማሒኮ፡ ሐድያ፡ ገራድ፡ በፀር፡ ሾተል፡ ወሀብዎ፡ ጉልተ፡ በውስተ፡ ሀገሩ። ወስብሐት፡ ለእግዚአብሔር፡ ዘረድኦ፡ ለንጉሥነ፡ ዘርአ፡ ያዕቆብ። እስከ፡ ሞአ፡ ፍጡነ፡ በእደ፡ ገብሩ። ወከማሁ፡ ይርድኦ፡ ለንጉሥነ፡ ልብነ፡ ድንግል፡ ወልዱ፡ ወፍቁር። ወእምገጸ፡ ምድር፡ ጸላእቶ፡ ይሠሩ። ወበልቦሙ፡ እንዘ፡ ይጸልዑ፡ መንግሥቶ፡ ወያስቈርሩ በአፍአ፡ ኪያሁ፡ ይድኅሩ፡ ይደደቆሙ፡ ሞት፡ ኀበ፡ ወዓሉ፡ ወኃደሩ፡ አሜን።
paragraph : 20
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ወእምዝ፡ አዘዘ፡ ንጉሥነ፡ ዘርአ፡ ያዕቆብ፡ በደብረ፡ ብርሃን፡ ከመ፡ ይጽናዕ፡ ጃጐል፡ ወማገሩሂ፡ ከመ፡ ይጽናዕ፡ በበ፲፡ ወከማሁ፡ ይኑኅ፡ ቆሙ። ወአርአያሁኒ፡ ይኩን፡ ፀዓዳ፡ ወለሐናፅያንኒ፡ አዘዝዎሙ፡ ለእመ፡ ጸነ፡ ከመ፡ ያርትዑ፡ ራቅ፡ ማሰሮችሰ፡ ዘየማን፡ ወዘፀጋም፡ ኢይልበሱ፡ ቀማይሲሆሙ፡ እስከ፡ ይትፌጸም፡ ውእቱ፡ ግብረ፡ ጃጐል፡ ወዣን፡ ማሰሬሂ፡ ከመሆሙ፡ ኢይልበሱ፡ እለ፡ ይሰርሑ፡ ጃጐለ፡ ወሰቀላሂ፡ ዓቢየ፡ አዘዙ፡ ከመ፡ ይስርሑ፡ በቤቱ፡ አንበሳ፡ ደጅ፡ ዘነዊኅ፡ ቆሙ፡ በዘይበውእ፡ ወይወፅእ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ተጽዒኖ፡ ዲበ፡ ፈረሱ፡ ወበሽልማት፡ ደጅሰ፡ ንዑስ፡ ሰቀላ፡ ወበመብልዕ፡ ደጅ፡ ከማሁ፡ ወበፀርዋጀት፡ ደጅ፡ አልቦቱ፡ ሰቀላ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይበውእ፡ ውስቴታ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዓቃቤ፡ ሰዓት፡ ወሕፃናት፡ ወማዕድ። ካልእሰ፡ ለእመ፡ ቀርበ፡ ይረግዝዎ፡ በኵናት።
paragraph : 21
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ወቤተ፡ ንጉሥሂ፡ አዘዘ፡ ከመ፡ ይስርሑ፡ በጽኑዕ፡ ወያሠንዩ፡ ገቢሮቶ። ወመስቀለሂ፡ ዘወርቅ፡ ገብሩ፡ ላዕሌሁ። ወእምአሜሃ፡ ተወጥነ፡ ገቢረ፡ መስቀል፡ በቤተ፡ ንጉሥ። በቀዳሚሰ፡ ኢይገብሩ። ወበተሕተ፡ ቤተ፡ ንጉሥሂ፡ ፫ደበና፡ ተከሉ። ወለማእከላይ፡ ደበና፡ ይብልዎ፡ ዱለት፡ ቤት። ወለየማናይ፡ ይብልዎ፡ በዓለ፡ ግምጃ፡ ደበና፡ ለፀጋማይሰ፡ ይብልዎ፡ አቄት፡ ደበና። ወሐፁረ፡ ገጽኒ፡ ሀሎ፡ በየማን፡ ወበፀጋም፡ ልፁቀ፡ እምደበና፡ እስከ፡ ጀጐል፡ ወነዊኅ፡ ውእቱ፡ ጥቀ፡ ቆሙ፡ ወይትዓረይ፡ ምስለ፡ ጀጐል። ወለ፩ዕፅ፡ ዘሕፁረ፡ ገጽ፡ ወዘጃጐል፡ ይጸውርዎ፡ ፪ሰብእ፡ አው፡ ፫እምክበደ፡ ኑኁ፡ ወግዘፉ፡ እንዘ፡ ያመጽእዎ፡ እምድረ፡ ዜጋ፡ ወበውስተ፡ ውእቱ፡ ሕፁር፡ ኢያትረፉ፡ ምንትኒ፡ ስቊረተ፡ ከመ፡ ኢይርአይ፡ ቦቱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ዐይነ፡ ሰብእ፡ ወያስተላጽቅዎሙ፡ ለእሙንቱ፡ አዕፃው፡ በበይናቲሆሙ፡ ጥቀ፡ ወማእሶሙኒ፡ ይከልዑ፡ እምላዕሌሆሙ፡ ለእሉ፡ አዕፃው፡ ከመ፡ ይኩኑ፡ ጽዕድዋነ፡ ከመ፡ በረድ። ወኑኀ፡ ቆሙኒ፡ ለውእቱ፡ ሐፁር፡ ቦ፡ እለ፡ ይብሉ፡ ይከውን፡ ፳እመተ፡ ወቦ፡ እለ፡ ይብሉ፡ ፲ወ፭፡ እመተ፡ አንሰ፡ በእዴየ፡ ኢሰፈርክዎ።
paragraph : 22
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ወካዕበ፡ ገብሩ፡ ካልአ፡ ሐፁረ፡ ገጽ፡ ዘይወስድ፡ ወያበጽሕ፡ እምቤተ፡ ንጉሥ፡ እስከ፡ አንቀጸ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስቲያን፡ ዘደብረ፡ ብርሃን፡ በየማን፡ ወበፀጋም፤ ውእቱ፡ ሐፁር፡ ዘተገብረ፡ ኢይርአይዎ፡ ለንጉሥ፡ ጊዜ፡ ይበውእ፡ ወይወጽእ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘየሐውር፡ ውስተ፡ ይእቲ፡ ፍኖት፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ባሕቲቱ፡ ወዘእንበለ፡ ዓቃቤ፡ ሰዓት፡ ወዘውስጥ፡ ብላቴኖች፡ ንዑሳን፡ ወበጊዜ፡ ቊርባንሂ፡ ሶበ፡ ይበውእ፡ ንጉሥነ፡ አልቦ፡ ዘይበውእ፡ እምደብተራ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ መዘምራን፡ ወመነኮሳት፡ ወመምህራን፡ ዘደብረ፡ ሊባኖሰ፡ ወደብረ፡ ማርያም፡ ወዘቢዘን። ወዘደብረ፡ ገሊላ፡ ዘሃሎሌ፡ ወዘቀየጻ፡ ወዘመለጎ፡ ወዘደረባ፡ ዓባይ፡ ወዘፀዓዳ፡ አምባ። ወዘዋልድባ፡ ዘደብረ፡ ማርያም፡ ገርዓልታ፡ ወዘሕንጻ፡ ማርያም፡ ወካልአንሰ፡ እለ፡ ኢያእመርኩ፡ አስማቲሆሙ፡ እለ፡ ኢይበልዑ፡ ሥጋ፡ ወኢይሰትዩ፡ ሜሰ።
paragraph : 23
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ባሕቱ፡ ይጼውዕዎሙ፡ በበዓላት፡ ለደብተራ፡ ዘኵሎሙ፡ መካናት፡ ዘደብረ፡ ብርሃን፡ ወዘደብረ፡ ነጐድጓድ፡ ወየለባሽ፡ ወዘጋርማ። ወዓዲ፡ ዘኢየሱስ፡ ደብተራ፡ ወዘግምጃ፡ ቤት፡ ማርያም፡ ወዘመስቀል፡ ወያውልዕዎሙ፡ ውስት፡ ቅኔ። ወሶበ፡ በጽሐ፡ ጊዜ፡ ቊርባን፡ ይፌንውዎሙ፡ በበመካናቲሆሙ፡ በከመ፡ እቤ፡ ቀዳሚ፡ ወአልቦ፡ ዘይበውእ፡ ኀበ፡ ገባሬ፡ ሠናይ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ዓቃቤ፡ ሰዓት። ወ፪፡ ደቂቁ፡ እለ፡ ስሞሙ፡ ገብረ፡ አልፋ፡ ወተክለ፡ ማርያም፡ ወሊቀ፡ ደብተራ፡ ገብረ፡ ኢየሱስ። ወ፩፡ ነዳይ፡ ዘስሙ፡ ይስሐቅ፡ ወኢይትከሀን፡ ዘእንበለ፡ እሉ፡ ፭፡ በዕለተ፡ ቦአ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ውስተ፡ ቊርባን። ወሶበ፡ ወጽአ፡ እምቊርባን፡ ይጼውዕዎሙ፡ ለእሙንቱ፡ ደብተራ፡ እለ፡ ወዐሉ፡ ውስተ ፡ መሕሌት፡ ወያበውእዎሙ፡ ውስተ፡ መካበብያ፡ ዘቤተ፡ ንጉሥ። ወለ፫፡ ደበና፡ ላዕሌሆሙ፡ እንተ፡ ማእከሌሆሙ፡ ኃሊፎሙ፡
paragraph : 24
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ወይሰምይዎ፡ ለውእቱ፡ መካን፡ ላዕላይ፡ ፊት፤ ወለታሕታይሰ፡ ደበነ፡ ምቅዋመ፡ ዣን፡ ቤት፡ ጠባቂ፡ ይብልዎ፡ ታሕታይ፡ ፊት። ወበውእቱ፡ ላዕላይ፡ ፊት፡ ያበልዕዎሙ፡ ለእሙንቱ፡ ደብተራ፡ እለ፡ ጸውዕዎሙ፡ መብልዓ፡ ዘዘዚአሁ፡ በበመፍቅዶሙ፡ ወስቴኒ፡ ከማሁ፡ ምዉቀ፡ ወቈሪረ፡ ይሁብዎሙ፡ ብዙኃ፡ ወዘተርፈ፡ እምኅብስት ፡ ወሜስ፡ ይጸውሩ፡ ወየሐውሩ፡ ውስተ፡ ማኅደሪሆሙ። ወውእቱ፡ ማዕደ፡ ኅብስት፡ ወሜስ፡ ይበውእ፡ እምነ፡ ቤተ፡ ፈጠጋር፡ ወእምቤተ፡ ግራ፡ በአልቲሐት፡ እምቤተ፡ ግብር፡ ዘየማን፡ ወዘፀጋም፡ ያበውኡ፡ እሙንቱ፡ ማዕደ። ወአልቦ፡ ዘይክል፡ ኈልቆቶ፡ ለኵሉ፡ ሥርዓተ፡ ማዕድ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ ንጉሥ።
paragraph : 25
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ወለጸላሂ፡ ፩፡ ስሙ፡ ጽሩይ፤ ወለካልእ፡ ጸላ፡ ስሙ፡ ኢታርፍድ። ወለሣልስ፡ ጸላ፡ ስሙ፡ ጸላ፡ ሐፄ፤ ወለውእቱሰ፡ ጸላ፡ ሐፄ፡ ኢይሁብዎ፡ ለሰብእ፡ ዘእንበለ፡ በቃለ፡ ንጉሥ፡ ዘአዘዘ፤ ወለጸጅ፡ የሐዣ፡ ይብልዎ፡ ጸጅ፡ አበዛ፡ ወለኵሎሙ፡ ፄዋ፡ በፀርዋጅት፡ በድል፡ ደመና፡ ወበድል፡ ሾተል፡ ወለዘፈቀዱ፡ ኵሉ፡ ያበልዕዎሙ፡ እምውእቱ፡ ማዕድ፡ ዘተሠርዐ።

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Editions Bibliography

  • Perruchon, J. 1893. Les Chroniques de Zârʾâ Yâʿeqôb et de Bʾaeda Mâryâm, rois d’Éthiopie de 1434 à 1478, Bibliothèque de l’École pratique des hautes études, Sciences philologiques et historiques, 93 (Paris: Émile Bouillon, Éditeur, 1893).

  • Haber, L., tr., 1961. ‘The Chronicle of the Emperor Zara Yaqob (1434-1468)’, Ethiopia Observer, v/2 (1961), 152–169.

Secondary Bibliography

  • Derat, M.-L. 2013. ‘Censure et réécriture de l’histoire du roi Zaʾa Yaʾeqob (1434–1468). Analyse des deux ver-sions de la «chronique» d’un souverain éthiopien’, Les ruses de l’historien: Essais d’Afrique et d’ailleurs en hommage à Jean Boulègue, (2013), 121–135.

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Alessandro Bausi, Dorothea Reule, Solomon Gebreyes, Angela Müller, ʻChronicle of Zarʾa Yāʿqobʼ, in Alessandro Bausi, ed., Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 23.7.2019) https://betamasaheft.eu/works/LIT4646Chronicle [Accessed: 2024-03-29+01:00]

Revisions of the data

  • Angela Müller Angela Müller: added placename on 23.7.2019
  • Solomon Gebreyes Solomon Gebreyes: Uploading and correcting the text on 3.11.2017
  • Dorothea Reule Dorothea Reule: Created entity on 22.5.2017

Attributions of the contents

Solomon Gebreyes, contributor

Angela Müller, contributor

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