Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
Help

You are looking at work in progress version of this website. For questions contact the dev team.

Hover on words to see search options.

Double-click to see morphological parsing.

Click on left pointing hands and arrows to load related items and click once more to view the result in a popup.

Do you want to notify us of an error, please do so by writing an issue in our GitHub repository (click the envelope for a precomiled one).
On small screens, will show a navigation bar on the leftOpen Item Navigation
Edit Not sure how to do this? Have a look at the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines!
Hide pointersClick here to hide or show again the little arrows and small left pointing hands in this page.
Hide relatedClick here to hide or show again the right side of the content area, where related items and keywords are shown.
EntryMain Entry
TEI/XMLDownload an enriched TEI file with explicit URIs bibliography from Zotero API.
SyntaxeSee graphs of the information available. If the manuscript contains relevant information, then you will see visualizations based on La Syntaxe du Codex, by Andrist, Canart and Maniaci.
RelationsFurther visualization of relational information
TranscriptionTranscription (as available). Do you have a transcription you want to contribute? Contact us or click on EDIT and submit your contribution.

Gulo Maḵadā, Mǝdra Rubā Sǝllase, MR-008

Iosif Fridman (cataloguer), Denis Nosnitsin

This manuscript description is based on the catalogues listed in the catalogue bibliography

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/ESmr008
Mǝdra Rubā Sǝllase[view repository]

Collection: Ethio-SPaRe

General description

Maṣḥafa qǝddāse “Missal” / Gadla Libānos “Vita of Libānos” / Taʾammǝra Libānos “Miracles of Libānos” / Tarik za-mänäkosat “History of the Monks”

Number of Text units: 2

Number of Codicological units: 1

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Origin

Original Location: Mǝdra Ruba /MR

1770-1775

Summary

I) Prayer over all the vessels of the Church (fols. 4ra, l.1 – 5vb, l.12). Part of text II, singled out as a separate text for an unknown reason. II) Śǝrʿāta qǝddāse “Ordinary of the Mass” (fols. 6ra, l.1 – 34rb, l.4) III) Anaphoras (fols. 34rb – 73vb) III-1) Anaphora of the Apostles (fols. 34rb, l.5 – 45vb, l.19) incomplete, end part missing III-2) Anaphora of Our Lady by St Cyriacus of Behnesa (fols. 46ra, l.1 – 59va, l.14) III-3) Anaphora of Our Lord Jesus Christ (fols. 59va, l.15 – 64ra, l.12) III-4) Anaphora of St Dioscorus (fols. 64ra, l.13 – 67vb, l.7) III-5) Anaphora of St John Chrysostom (fols. 67vb, l.8 – 73vb, l.16; attribution to St John missing) IV) Gadla Libānos “Vita of Libānos” (fols. 75ra, l.1 – 101vb, l.13) incomplete, beginning missing V) Taʾammǝra Libānos “Miracles of Libānos” (fols. 101vb, l.13 – 103ra, l.2) VI) Tarik za-mänäkosat “History of the Monks”, spiritual genealogy of the Ewosṭatean monks (fols. 103ra, l.3 – 105vb, l.11) VII) Malkǝʾa Libānos (fols. 106ra, l.1 – 109rb, l.11) VIII) Daily Office prayers and litanies (excerpt) (fols. 109va, l.1 – 111vb) Additiones 1-2.
  1. ms_i1 (),
  2. ms_i2 (),

Contents


Incipit ( ):

Explicit ( ):


Texts I-III and VIII are parts of the Missal. On texts IV, V and VII s.: A. BAUSI, La “Vita” e i “Miracoli” di Libānos, Lovanii 2003 (CSCO595-596[SA105-106]); 1-72 (text IV),73-205(text VI), 206-12 (text VII). Text VI is nearly identical to the genealogy published in: G. LUSINI, "Per una storia delle tradizioni monastiche eritree: le genealogie spirituali dell’ordine di Ēwosṭatēwos di Dabra Ṣarābi", in: U. Zanetti – E. Lucchesi (eds.), Ægyptus Christiana. Mélanges d’hagiographie égyptienne et orientale dédiés à la mémoire du P. Paul Devos, Bollandiste, Genève 2004 (Cahiers d’Orientalisme 25), 249-72; here 262-65.

Additions In this unit there are in total 1 .

  1. check the viewerf. 74r

    : Rhymed supplication for the soul of a local scribe Walda Muse.

    check the viewer74r : እግዚአብሔር፡ አምላክነ፡ ዘአንሃልከ፨ ቅድመ፡ ጥቅማ፡ ለኢያሪኮ፡ በእደ፡ ኢያሱ፡ ገብርከ፨ ከማሁ፡ {ይእዜ፡} አንህል፡ ጥቅመ፡ ኃጢአትየ፡ ለገብርከ፡ ወልደ፡ ሙሴ። ወኃጢአተ፡ ኲሉ፡ ሕዝብከ። check the viewer74r : Lord our God, who destroyed the old wall of Jericho by the hand of Your servant Joshua, now in the same way destroy the wall of my sin, [the sin of] Your servant Walda Muse, and the sin of all Your people.
  2. check the viewerf. 74v

    : A short salām-hymn to the clergymen.

    check the viewer74v : ሰላም፡ ለክሙ፡ ካህናት፡ አንትሙ፡ ለምግባረ፡ ሠናይ፡ ዘሃረየክሙ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ በሸርነቱ፡ ይምሀርክሙ፡ ለገቢረ፡ ፈቃዱ፡ ያክህልክሙ፡ አ{ፍ}ቅሩ፡ ቤተ፡ ክርስትያን። ትሔይሰክሙ check the viewer74v : Peace be to you, priests! May the Lord, who has chosen you for good deeds, in His goodness teach you [and] enable you to perform His will. Love the Church which will be good for you. Written by Walda Muse.

Extras

  1. check the viewer1r check the viewer74v check the viewer83r check the viewer90v check the viewer104r check the viewer110v check the viewer111r

    - : Pen trial: “the pen which Walda Muse tried and began [writing with] on Monday, by the Lord’s grace”. - : Writing exercise (beginning of the Ethiopic syllabary). - (in the upper margin): 95r (in the bottom margin): The name በርናባስ፡ crudely written in pen. - , 91r, 98r, 105r, 106r, 109r, 111v (in the bottom margin): Crude notes. - (in the upper margin): በርናባስ፡ ተስፋየ፡ ፅገ፡ crudely written in pen; (in the bottom margin): ፅገ፡ ገ/ሚካኤል፡ crudely written in pen. - (in the upper margin): pen trial. In the bottom margin: note. - (in the upper margin): Note.
  2. (Type: findingAid)

    - Fols. 76v, 83r, 87r, 89r, 92v, 95v, 98v (in the upper margin): Notes indicating the beginning of monthly readings from Gädlä Libānos.

Decoration In this unit there are in total 5 s, 1 .

Miniatures notes

  1. miniature:

Other Decorations

  1. drawing: check the viewerf. 1r:

    Human figure on horseback.

  2. drawing: check the viewerf. 3r:

    Human figure on horseback.

  3. drawing: check the viewerf. 74r:

    Cross.

  4. drawing: check the viewerf. 74v:

    Human figure on horseback.

  5. drawing: check the viewerBack cover, inner part:

    Human figure on horseback.

Catalogue Bibliography

This manuscript has modern restorations.

Physical Description

Form of support

Parchment Codex

Extent

Made of 111.0 (leaf) , Entered as 111.0 folios, of which 3.0 (leaf, blank) .Entered as 3.0 blank 1, 2, 3, in 17.0 (quire) .Entered as 17.0 quires (A+16). 195 175 60
Outer dimensions
Height 195
Width 175
Depth 60

Foliation

Quire Structure Collation

Position Number Leaves Quires Description
1 3 Fols 1r–3v A(3/s. l.: 2, stub after 1/fols. 1r-3v)
2 2 Fols 4r–5v I(2/stubs before 1 and after 2/fols. 4r-5v)
3 8 Fols 6r–13v II(8/fols. 6r-13v)
4 8 Fols 14r–21v III(8/fols. 14r-21v)
5 8 Fols 22r–29v IV(8/fols. 22r-29v)
6 8 Fols 30r–37v V(8/s. l.: 3, 6, stubs after 2, 5/fols. 30r-37v)
7 8 Fols 38r–45v VI(8/fols. 38r-45v)
8 8 Fols 46r–53v VII(8/fols. 46r-53v)
9 8 Fols 54r–61v VIII(8/fols. 54r-61v)
10 10 Fols. 10, Fols 62r–71v IX(10/fols. 62r-71v)
11 2 Fols 72r–73v X(2/fols. 72r-73v)
12 1 Fol. 74 XI(1/fol. 74)
13 8 Fols 75r–82v XII(8/fols. 75r-82v)
14 8 Fols 83r–90v XIII(8/fols. 83r-90v)
15 8 Fols 91r–98v XIV(8/fols. 91r-98v)
16 7 Fols 99r–105v XV(7/s. l.: 2, stub after 6/fols. 99r-105v)
17 6 Fols 106r–111v XVI(6/fols. 106r-111v). Within and on the borders of some of the quires (e. g., XIV-XV), the leaves are held together by means of additional crudely made stitches.

Collation diagrams


A(3/s. l.: 2, stub after 1/fols. 1r-3v)
Quire ID:q1
Collation diagram Quire 1 1 3 Unit #1 Unit #2

I(2/stubs before 1 and after 2/fols. 4r-5v)
Quire ID:q2
Collation diagram Quire 2 4 5 Unit #1

II(8/fols. 6r-13v)
Quire ID:q3
Collation diagram Quire 3 6 13 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

III(8/fols. 14r-21v)
Quire ID:q4
Collation diagram Quire 4 14 21 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

IV(8/fols. 22r-29v)
Quire ID:q5
Collation diagram Quire 5 22 29 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

V(8/s. l.: 3, 6, stubs after 2, 5/fols. 30r-37v)
Quire ID:q6
Collation diagram Quire 6 30 37 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

VI(8/fols. 38r-45v)
Quire ID:q7
Collation diagram Quire 7 38 45 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

VII(8/fols. 46r-53v)
Quire ID:q8
Collation diagram Quire 8 46 53 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

VIII(8/fols. 54r-61v)
Quire ID:q9
Collation diagram Quire 9 54 61 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

IX(10/fols. 62r-71v)
Quire ID:q10
Collation diagram Quire 10 62 71 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

X(2/fols. 72r-73v)
Quire ID:q11
Collation diagram Quire 11 72 73 Unit #1

XI(1/fol. 74)
Quire ID:q12
Collation diagram Quire 12 74 74 Unit #1

XII(8/fols. 75r-82v)
Quire ID:q13
Collation diagram Quire 13 75 82 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XIII(8/fols. 83r-90v)
Quire ID:q14
Collation diagram Quire 14 83 90 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XIV(8/fols. 91r-98v)
Quire ID:q15
Collation diagram Quire 15 91 98 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XV(7/s. l.: 2, stub after 6/fols. 99r-105v)
Quire ID:q16
Collation diagram Quire 16 99 105 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XVI(6/fols. 106r-111v). Within and on the borders of some of the quires (e. g., XIV-XV), the leaves are held together by means of additional crudely made stitches.
Quire ID:q17
Collation diagram Quire 17 106 111 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3

Ethio-SPaRe formula : I(2+1/s.l. 2, stub after 1/Fols 1r–3v) – II(1+1//Fols 4r–5v) – III(8/Fols 6r–13v) – IV(8/Fols 14r–21v) – V(8/Fols 22r–29v) – VI(7+1/s.l. 6, stub/Fols 30r–37v) – VII(8/Fols 38r–45v) – VIII(8/Fols 46r–53v) – IX(8/Fols 54r–61v) – X(10/Fols. 10, Fols 62r–71v) – XI(2/Fols 72r–73v) – XII(1/Fol. 74) – XIII(8/Fols 75r–82v) – XIV(8/Fols 83r–90v) – XV(8/Fols 91r–98v) – XVI(6+1/s.l. 2, stub after 6/Fols 99r–105v) – XVII(6/Fols 106r–111v) –

Formula: Fols 1r–3v A(3/s. l.: 2, stub after 1/fols. 1r-3v) ; Fols 4r–5v I(2/stubs before 1 and after 2/fols. 4r-5v) ; Fols 6r–13v II(8/fols. 6r-13v) ; Fols 14r–21v III(8/fols. 14r-21v) ; Fols 22r–29v IV(8/fols. 22r-29v) ; Fols 30r–37v V(8/s. l.: 3, 6, stubs after 2, 5/fols. 30r-37v) ; Fols 38r–45v VI(8/fols. 38r-45v) ; Fols 46r–53v VII(8/fols. 46r-53v) ; Fols 54r–61v VIII(8/fols. 54r-61v) ; Fols. 10, Fols 62r–71v IX(10/fols. 62r-71v) ; Fols 72r–73v X(2/fols. 72r-73v) ; Fol. 74 XI(1/fol. 74) ; Fols 75r–82v XII(8/fols. 75r-82v) ; Fols 83r–90v XIII(8/fols. 83r-90v) ; Fols 91r–98v XIV(8/fols. 91r-98v) ; Fols 99r–105v XV(7/s. l.: 2, stub after 6/fols. 99r-105v) ; Fols 106r–111v XVI(6/fols. 106r-111v). Within and on the borders of some of the quires (e. g., XIV-XV), the leaves are held together by means of additional crudely made stitches.;

Formula 1: 1 (3), 2 (2), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (8), 10 (10), 11 (2), 12 (1), 13 (8), 14 (8), 15 (8), 16 (7), 17 (6),

Formula 2: 1 (3), 2 (2), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (8), 10 (10), 11 (2), 12 (1), 13 (8), 14 (8), 15 (8), 16 (7), 17 (6),

State of preservation

deficient

Condition

The threads of the binding are broken. Some fols. are probably missing. Both front and back boards are broken and carefully repaired (with cord led through the holes in the parts of the covers).

Binding

Two wooden boards; Two pairs of sewing stations.

Binding decoration

Binding material

wood

Original binding

No

Layout

Layout note 1

Number of columns: 2

Number of lines: 19

H 125mm
W 130mm
Intercolumn 13mm
Margins
top 25
bottom 40
right 25
left 10
intercolumn 13
All data are for check the viewer7r .

Ms Gulo Maḵadā, Mǝdra Rubā Sǝllase, MR-008 main part

looks ok for measures computed width is: 165mm, object width is: 175mm, computed height is: 190mm and object height is: 195mm.

Layout note 1

Ruling
  • (Subtype: pattern) Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/B or C.
  • The upper line is written above the ruling.
  • The bottom line is written above the ruling.
Pricking

Palaeography

  • Hand 1

    Scribe: Walda Muse scribe

    Script: Ethiopic

    Mediocre.

    Ink: Black; red.

    Rubrication: Nomina sacra; incipits of texts and of constituent parts of Gadla Libānos; the names Libānos and Mäṭaʿ in texts IV-VIII; names of the donors; abbreviations; the words ሃሌ፡ ሉያ፡, ቡራኬ፡ and እማሬ፡ (ዕማሬ፡); elements of the punctuation signs; elements of Ethiopic numerals. Text in fol. 106r is written alternately in red and black lines.

    Date: 18th century.

    Walda Muse scribe The main text is writen in a hand similar to that of Zawalda Māryām who wrote QSM-001 and QSM-007. Walda Muse wrote short additional texts on check the viewer1r , 74r-v (s. Additiones 1, 2 and varia). He is the scribe of MR-006 and SMM-006, but his handwriting is different from Walda Muse of MR-004.18th century.

    Abbreviations

  • ይካ፡ for ይብል፡ ካህን፡
  • ይዲ፡ for ይብል፡ ዲያቆን፡
  • ይሕ፡ for ይብል፡ ሕዝብ፡
  • Publication Statement

    authority
    Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik
    pubPlace
    Hamburg
    publisher
    Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
    availability

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.

    date
    2016-06-07T17:44:45.736+02:00
    date
    type=expanded
    2022-01-05T13:36:28.446+01:00
    date
    type=lastModified
    10.5.2016
    idno
    type=collection
    manuscripts
    idno
    type=url
    https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESmr008
    idno
    type=URI
    https://betamasaheft.eu/ESmr008
    idno
    type=filename
    ESmr008.xml
    idno
    type=ID
    ESmr008

    Encoding Description

    Encoded according to TEI P5 Guidelines.

    Encoded according to the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines. These Guidelines detail the TEI format ruled by the Beta maṣāḥǝft Schema. The present TEI file is enriched with an Xquery transformation taking advantage of the exist-db database instance where the data is stored and of the many external resources to which this data points to.

    Definitions of prefixes used.

    Select one of the keywords listed from the record to see related data

    No keyword selected.
    This page contains RDFa. RDF+XML graph of this resource. Alternate representations available via VoID.
    Hypothes.is public annotations pointing here

    Use the tag BetMas:ESmr008 in your public hypothes.is annotations which refer to this entity.

    Suggested Citation of this record

    To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

    Iosif Fridman, Denis Nosnitsin, Alessandro Bausi, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, ʻGulo Maḵadā, Mǝdra Rubā Sǝllase, MR-008ʼ, in Alessandro Bausi, ed., Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 10.5.2016) https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESmr008 [Accessed: 2024-04-20+02:00]

    Revisions of the data

    • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: transformed from mycore to TEI P5 on 10.5.2016
    • Denis Nosnitsin Denis Nosnitsin: last edited in Ethio-SPaRe on 6.2.2015
    • Iosif Fridman Iosif Fridman: catalogued in Ethio-SPaRe on 26.4.2011
    • Denis Nosnitsin: Ethio-SPaRe team photographed the manuscript on 11.5.2010

    Attributions of the contents

    Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.