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Sāʿsiʿ Ṣaʿdā ʾƎmbā, Qalāqǝl Māryām Ṣǝyon, QS-010

Vitagrazia Pisani (cataloguer), Denis Nosnitsin

This manuscript description is based on the catalogues listed in the catalogue bibliography

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqs010
Qalāqǝl Māryām Ṣǝyon[view repository]

Collection: Ethio-SPaRe

Places IndexGeneralDescriptionPhysical DescriptionCatalogueAuthors

General description

Maṣḥafa gǝbra ḥǝmāmāt “Book of the Rite of the Holy Week”

Number of Text units: 17

Number of Codicological units: 1

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Origin

Original Location: Qalāqǝl Māryām Ṣǝyon↗

18th cent. (?) The name of the king has been erased from the colophon.

Provenance

The name of the original commissioner has been erased from the supplication formulas. However, on check the viewer120ra and in the colophon, his name can still be decipherable as Walda Giyorgis. In the supplication formula on check the viewer42ra , the first part of his name (Walda) has not been erased; the same, on some folios (e.g., check the viewer42va , 42vc), where the last letter of his second name (-s) still remains. In some supplication formulas his name has been replaced with the name of Za-Manfas Qǝddus (e.g., check the viewer2ra , 5rb, 13vb, 57ra), written in red probably in a different hand. Za-Manfas Qǝddus is the baptismal name of daǧǧāzmāč Subāgādis (1770-1831). In the supplication formula on check the viewer42ra , the name Lǝʿul is written over erasure.

Summary

I) Maṣḥafa gǝbra ḥǝmāmāt “Book of the Rite of the Holy Week” (fols. 2ra-204vb) I-1) Eve of Palm Sunday (fols. 2ra-4va) I-2) Palm Sunday (fols. 4va-11vb) I-3) Monday (fols. 11vb-34vb), including: Homily by John Chrysostom for Monday morning (fols. 19vb-20vc); Homily by John Chrysostom on the fig tree for Monday morning (fols. 20vc-24vc); anonymous Homily for the ninth hour of Monday morning (fols. 30va-32ra) I-4) Tuesday (fols. 34vb-58va) I-5) Wednesday (fols. 58va-74ra) I-6) Thursday (fols. 74ra-98ra) I-7) Friday (fols. 98ra-174rc), including: Homily by John [Chrysostom] on Christ when He says “If it be possible, let this chalice pass” (fols. 104rb-107vc); Homily by Jacob of Serug on Abraham (fols. 133va-142va); Maḥālǝya maḥālǝy “Song of Songs” (fols. 170va-173vc) I-8) Saturday (fols. 174rc-204vb), including: Rāʾǝya Yoḥannǝs “Revelation of John” (fols. 178va-192rc); Tǝmhǝrta ḫǝbuʾāt “Teaching of Mysteries” (fols. 201rc-202vc) Additio 1; colophon.
  1. ms_i1 (check the viewerFols 2r–204vb ), Maṣḥafa gǝbra ḥǝmāmāt “Book of the Rite of the Holy Week”
    1. ms_i1.1 (check the viewerFols 2r–4va ), Eve of Palm Sunday
    2. ms_i1.2 (check the viewerFols 4va–11vb ), Palm Sunday
    3. ms_i1.3 (check the viewerFols 11vb–34vb ), Monday
      1. ms_i1.3.1 (check the viewerFols 19vb–20vc ), Homily by John Chrysostom for Monday morning
      2. ms_i1.3.2 (check the viewerFols 20vc–24vc ), Homily by John Chrysostom on the fig tree for Monday morning
      3. ms_i1.3.3 (check the viewerFols 30va–32ra ), anonymous Homily for the ninth hour of Monday morning
    4. ms_i1.4 (check the viewerFols 34vb–58va ), Tuesday
    5. ms_i1.5 (check the viewerFols 58va–74ra ), Wednesday
    6. ms_i1.6 (check the viewerFols 74ra–98ra ), Thursday
    7. ms_i1.7 (check the viewerFols 98ra–174rc ), Friday
      1. ms_i1.7.1 (check the viewerFols 104rb–107vc ), Homily by John [Chrysostom] on Christ when He says “If it be possible, let this chalice pass”
      2. ms_i1.7.2 (check the viewerFols 133va–142va ), Homily by Jaqob of Serug on Abraham
      3. ms_i1.7.3 (check the viewerFols 170va–173vc ), Song of Songs
    8. ms_i1.8 (check the viewerFols 174rc–204vb ), Saturday
      1. ms_i1.8.1 (check the viewerFols 178va–192rc ), Revelation of John
      2. ms_i1.8.2 (check the viewerFols 201rc–202vc ), Tǝmhǝrta ḫǝbuʾāt

Contents

check the viewerFols 2r–204vb Maṣḥafa gǝbra ḥǝmāmāt “Book of the Rite of the Holy Week” (CAe 1544)

Colophon

check the viewer204vb (between the explicit of the text and Additio 1)

ዝንቱ: መጽሐፍ፡ ተጽሕፈ፡ በ፳፡ ዓመተ፡ መንግሥቱ፡ ለ<...>። ዘአጽሐፎሂ፡  [ወልደ፡ ጊዮርጊስ፡]  ከመ፡ ይኩኖ፡ ለመድኃኒተ፡ …

The name of the king, in whose reign the Ms. was written (in the 20th year of his reign) has been erased as well as the name of the commissioner of the Ms. The name of the latter, however, can be decipherable as Walda Giyorgis.

check the viewerFols 11vb–34vb Monday (CAe 1544 Monday)
check the viewerFols 98ra–174rc Friday (CAe 1544 Friday)
check the viewerFols 174rc–204vb Saturday (CAe 1544 Saturday)

Additions In this unit there are in total 1 .

  1. check the viewerf. 204vb (below the colophon) (Type: OwnershipNote)

    Ownership or donation note (?).

    ( gez ) ዝመጽሐፍ፡ <...>

    The note has been for the most part erased. Only the first two words are visible.

Extras

  1. - Cues for rubricator (words and numerals) are written in the margins: e.g., check the viewer117r , 117v, 121v, 181v, 183r, 192r.

  2. - Corrections written over erasures in smaller script, throughout the Ms.: e.g., check the viewer8va , 10ra, 10rb, 16ra, 25rb, 88rc.

  3. - Erasures marked by thin parallel lines: e.g., 94ra, 105ra, 126rb, 178vc.

  4. - Erasures: e.g., check the viewer11va , 12ra.

  5. - Recent notes in pen are written interlineally and in the bottom margins of some fols.: e.g., check the viewer6r , 8r, 121v, 122r, 122v, 131v, 148r, 149v, 150r.

Decoration In this unit there are in total 1 .

Frame notes

  1. frame: check the viewer76ra : simple, small, coloured (red and black) ornamental band; interlaces.

Catalogue Bibliography

This manuscript has modern restorations.

Physical Description

Form of support

Parchment Codex

Extent

Made of 204.0 (leaf) , Entered as 204.0 folios, of which (leaf, blank) .Entered as blank 1r-1v, 101vc, 204vc, in 26.0 (quire) .Entered as 26.0 quires . 409 360 90
Outer dimensions
Height 409
Width 360
Depth 90

Foliation

ncheck the viewer38 was used twice (II image = 38a); ncheck the viewer40 is missing (image = 39); missing no. on fol. between 70 and 71 (image = 71a).

Quire Structure Collation

Signatures: Decorated - Quires marks (in red or in black, between dashes above and below) are written in the right bottom margin, mostly on the last folio of each quire (except quire I): 17v: ፪; 25v: ፫; 33r: ፬; 39v: ፭; 48v: ፮; 56v: ፯; 64v: ፰; 71av: ፱; 79v: ፲; 87v: ፲፩; 95v: ፲፪; 96r, 101v: ፲፫; 109v: ፲፬; 117v: ፲፭; 125v: ፲፮; 133v: ፲፯; 141v: ፲፰; 149v: ፲፱; 157v: ፳; 165v: ፳፩; 173v: ፳፪; 181v: ፳፫; 189v: ፳፬; 197v: ፳፭.

Position Number Leaves Quires Description
1 9 Fols 1r–9v I(9; s.l.: 1, stub after 9/fols. 1r-9v)
2 8 Fols 10r–17v II፪(8/fols. 10r-17v)
3 8 Fols 18r–25v III፫(8/fols. 18r-25v)
4 8 Fols 26r–33r IV፬(8/fols. 26r-33r)
5 7 Fols 34r–39v V፭(7; s.l. 1, no stub/fols. 34r-39v)
6 8 Fols 41r–48v VI፮(8/fols. 41r-48v)
7 8 Fols 49r–56v VII፯(8/fols. 49r-56v)
8 8 Fols 57r–64v VIII፰(8/fols. 57r-64v)
9 8 Fols 65r–71a IX፱(8/fols. 65r-71av)
10 8 Fols 72r–79v X፲(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 5; 6, stub after 3/fols. 72r-79v)
11 8 Fols 80r–87v XI፲፩(8/fols. 80r-87v)
12 8 Fols 88r–95v XII፲፪(8/fols. 88r-95v)
13 6 Fols 96r–101v ፲፫XIII፲፫(6/fols. 96r-101v)
14 8 Fols 102r–109v XIV፲፬(8/fols. 102r-109v)
15 8 Fols 110r–117v XV፲፭(8/fols. 110r-117v)
16 8 Fols 118r–125v XVI፲፮(8/fols. 118r-125v)
17 8 Fols 126r–133v XVII፲፯(8/fols. 126r-133v)
18 8 Fols 134r–141v XVIII፲፰(8/fols. 134r-141v)
19 8 Fols 142r–149v XIX፲፱(8/fols. 142r-149v)
20 8 Fols 150r–157v XX፳(8/fols. 150r-157v)
21 8 Fols 158r–165v XXI፳፩(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 5; 6, stub after 2/fols. 158r-165v)
22 8 Fols 166r–173v XXII፳፪(8/fols. 166r-173v)
23 8 Fols 174r–181v XXIII፳፫(8/fols. 174r-181v)
24 8 Fols 182r–189v XXIV፳፬(8/fols. 182r-189v)
25 8 Fols 190r–197v XXV፳፭(8/fols. 190r-197v)
26 7 Fols 198r–204v XXVI፳፮(7; s.l.: 1, stub after 7/fols. 198r-204v).

Collation diagrams


I(9; s.l.: 1, stub after 9/fols. 1r-9v)
Quire ID:q1
Collation diagram Quire 1 1 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

II፪(8/fols. 10r-17v)
Quire ID:q2
Collation diagram Quire 2 10 17 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

III፫(8/fols. 18r-25v)
Quire ID:q3
Collation diagram Quire 3 18 25 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

IV፬(8/fols. 26r-33r)
Quire ID:q4
Collation diagram Quire 4 26 33 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

V፭(7; s.l. 1, no stub/fols. 34r-39v)
Quire ID:q5
Collation diagram Quire 5 34 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

VI፮(8/fols. 41r-48v)
Quire ID:q6
Collation diagram Quire 6 41 48 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

VII፯(8/fols. 49r-56v)
Quire ID:q7
Collation diagram Quire 7 49 56 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

VIII፰(8/fols. 57r-64v)
Quire ID:q8
Collation diagram Quire 8 57 64 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

IX፱(8/fols. 65r-71av)
Quire ID:q9
Collation diagram Quire 9 65 72 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

X፲(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 5; 6, stub after 3/fols. 72r-79v)
Quire ID:q10
Collation diagram Quire 10 73 80 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

XI፲፩(8/fols. 80r-87v)
Quire ID:q11
Collation diagram Quire 11 81 88 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XII፲፪(8/fols. 88r-95v)
Quire ID:q12
Collation diagram Quire 12 89 96 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲፫XIII፲፫(6/fols. 96r-101v)
Quire ID:q13
Collation diagram Quire 13 97 102 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3

XIV፲፬(8/fols. 102r-109v)
Quire ID:q14
Collation diagram Quire 14 103 110 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XV፲፭(8/fols. 110r-117v)
Quire ID:q15
Collation diagram Quire 15 111 118 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XVI፲፮(8/fols. 118r-125v)
Quire ID:q16
Collation diagram Quire 16 119 126 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XVII፲፯(8/fols. 126r-133v)
Quire ID:q17
Collation diagram Quire 17 127 134 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XVIII፲፰(8/fols. 134r-141v)
Quire ID:q18
Collation diagram Quire 18 135 142 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XIX፲፱(8/fols. 142r-149v)
Quire ID:q19
Collation diagram Quire 19 143 150 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XX፳(8/fols. 150r-157v)
Quire ID:q20
Collation diagram Quire 20 151 158 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XXI፳፩(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 5; 6, stub after 2/fols. 158r-165v)
Quire ID:q21
Collation diagram Quire 21 159 166 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

XXII፳፪(8/fols. 166r-173v)
Quire ID:q22
Collation diagram Quire 22 167 174 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XXIII፳፫(8/fols. 174r-181v)
Quire ID:q23
Collation diagram Quire 23 175 182 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XXIV፳፬(8/fols. 182r-189v)
Quire ID:q24
Collation diagram Quire 24 183 190 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XXV፳፭(8/fols. 190r-197v)
Quire ID:q25
Collation diagram Quire 25 191 198 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XXVI፳፮(7; s.l.: 1, stub after 7/fols. 198r-204v).
Quire ID:q26
Collation diagram Quire 26 199 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

Ethio-SPaRe formula : I(8+1/s.l. 1, stub after 9/Fols 1r–9v) – II(8/Fols 10r–17v) – III(8/Fols 18r–25v) – IV(8/Fols 26r–33r) – V(6+1/s.l. 1, no stub/Fols 34r–39v) – VI(8/Fols 41r–48v) – VII(8/Fols 49r–56v) – VIII(8/Fols 57r–64v) – IX(8/Fols 65r–71a) – X(6+2/s.l. 3, stub after 5; s.l. 6, stub after 3/Fols 72r–79v) – XI(8/Fols 80r–87v) – XII(8/Fols 88r–95v) – XIII(6/Fols 96r–101v) – XIV(8/Fols 102r–109v) – XV(8/Fols 110r–117v) – XVI(8/Fols 118r–125v) – XVII(8/Fols 126r–133v) – XVIII(8/Fols 134r–141v) – XIX(8/Fols 142r–149v) – XX(8/Fols 150r–157v) – XXI(6+2/s.l. 3, stub after 5/Fols 158r–165v) – XXII(8/Fols 166r–173v) – XXIII(8/Fols 174r–181v) – XXIV(8/Fols 182r–189v) – XXV(8/Fols 190r–197v) – XXVI(6+1/s.l. 1, stub after /Fols 198r–204v) –

Formula: Fols 1r–9v I(9; s.l.: 1, stub after 9/fols. 1r-9v) ; Fols 10r–17v II፪(8/fols. 10r-17v) ; Fols 18r–25v III፫(8/fols. 18r-25v) ; Fols 26r–33r IV፬(8/fols. 26r-33r) ; Fols 34r–39v V፭(7; s.l. 1, no stub/fols. 34r-39v) ; Fols 41r–48v VI፮(8/fols. 41r-48v) ; Fols 49r–56v VII፯(8/fols. 49r-56v) ; Fols 57r–64v VIII፰(8/fols. 57r-64v) ; Fols 65r–71a IX፱(8/fols. 65r-71av) ; Fols 72r–79v X፲(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 5; 6, stub after 3/fols. 72r-79v) ; Fols 80r–87v XI፲፩(8/fols. 80r-87v) ; Fols 88r–95v XII፲፪(8/fols. 88r-95v) ; Fols 96r–101v ፲፫XIII፲፫(6/fols. 96r-101v) ; Fols 102r–109v XIV፲፬(8/fols. 102r-109v) ; Fols 110r–117v XV፲፭(8/fols. 110r-117v) ; Fols 118r–125v XVI፲፮(8/fols. 118r-125v) ; Fols 126r–133v XVII፲፯(8/fols. 126r-133v) ; Fols 134r–141v XVIII፲፰(8/fols. 134r-141v) ; Fols 142r–149v XIX፲፱(8/fols. 142r-149v) ; Fols 150r–157v XX፳(8/fols. 150r-157v) ; Fols 158r–165v XXI፳፩(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 5; 6, stub after 2/fols. 158r-165v) ; Fols 166r–173v XXII፳፪(8/fols. 166r-173v) ; Fols 174r–181v XXIII፳፫(8/fols. 174r-181v) ; Fols 182r–189v XXIV፳፬(8/fols. 182r-189v) ; Fols 190r–197v XXV፳፭(8/fols. 190r-197v) ; Fols 198r–204v XXVI፳፮(7; s.l.: 1, stub after 7/fols. 198r-204v).;

Formula 1: 1 (), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (8), 10 (8), 11 (8), 12 (8), 13 (6), 14 (8), 15 (8), 16 (8), 17 (8), 18 (8), 19 (8), 20 (8), 21 (8), 22 (8), 23 (8), 24 (8), 25 (8), 26 (),

Formula 2: 1 (), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (8), 10 (8), 11 (8), 12 (8), 13 (6), 14 (8), 15 (8), 16 (8), 17 (8), 18 (8), 19 (8), 20 (8), 21 (8), 22 (8), 23 (8), 24 (8), 25 (8), 26 (),

State of preservation

deficient

Condition

The Ms. was rebound. The leather covering is probably more recent then the boards, on which there are remains of another and more ancient leather. Outer layers of the original leather covering (?) are separated from the boards and loosely placed between the front board and first folio and the back board and the last folio. Most of the fols. are worn and affected by humidity. Stains on several fols. (e.g., check the viewer5r , 39r, 71v, 71r, 89v, 90r, 197v, 198r). Holes or tears amended on some fols. (e.g. check the viewer37 , 53, 54, 70, 100, 143).

Binding

Two wooden boards covered with reddish-brown tooled leather. Two pairs of sewing stations.

Binding decoration

Binding material

leather

wood

Original binding

No

Layout

Layout note 1

Number of columns: 3

Number of lines: 28

H 286mm
W 270mm
Intercolumn mm
Margins
top 44
bottom 60
right 62
left 20
intercolumn
All data are for check the viewer3r

Ms Sāʿsiʿ Ṣaʿdā ʾƎmbā, Qalāqǝl Māryām Ṣǝyon, QS-010 main part

looks ok for measures computed width is: 352mm, object width is: 360mm, computed height is: 390mm and object height is: 409mm.

Layout note 1

Ruling
  • the number of lines varies from 24 to 28
  • (Subtype: pattern) Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C.
  • The upper line is written above the ruling (below on (Excerpt from check the viewer2r)
    ).
  • The bottom line is written above the ruling.
  • One line (or two lines) was not used by the scribe at the bottom of (Excerpt from check the viewer26r-33v)
    , 49r-52v, 85r-87r, 90r-90v, 92v-93r, 129r-130v.
Pricking
  • Pricking and ruling are visible.
  • Primary pricks are visible.
  • Ruling pricks are visible.

Palaeography

  • Hand 1

    Script: Ethiopic

    Fine, regular. (The handwriting is fine, with rounded and slightly right sloping letters.)The x-cross with dashes is used several times, after the books titles and the incipits of the hours sections (e.g., check the viewer73va , 76vc).Sometimes, the numerals are with several dashes above and below (e.g., check the viewer2ra , 90rb, 95vb). Some distinctive and/or archaic features: - ጵ has the 6th order marker set up on the vertical stroke at the top, directed to the left (e.g., check the viewer2rb l.15, 95ra l.10) - sometimes, the tops of some letters (e.g., መ ሠ ወ በ) are slightly slanted to the left - ፮ is with the loop open, looking like “compressed” ፯ (e.g., check the viewer121rc and quire mark on check the viewer48v ).

    Ink: Black; red (brilliant red).

    Rubrication: Holy names; name of the commissioner and of the individual replacing him over erasure. A few lines alternating with black lines in the incipit page of Texts I-1 and I-7 (the section for the night hours of Friday); headings and incipits of the texts (a few lines sometimes alternating), their sections and subsections; titles of the Biblical books and other works; directives for the ministers; names of Hebrew letters in Text I-7; the words ʾǝgziʾo taśahālanna, yǝbe, yǝtaragʷǝm and yǝbe matargʷǝm in Text I-7; initial words or letters in “Tǝmhǝrta ḫǝbuʾāt” (Text I-8). Ethiopic numerals and their elements; elements of the punctuation signs and of the text dividers.

    Date: 18th century (?)

    18th century (?)

    • Publication Statement

    authority
    Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik
    pubPlace
    Hamburg
    publisher
    Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
    availability

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.

    date
    2016-06-07T17:46:19.71+02:00
    date
    type=expanded
    2022-01-05T13:36:28.446+01:00
    date
    type=lastModified
    20.11.2019
    idno
    type=collection
    manuscripts
    idno
    type=url
    https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESqs010
    idno
    type=URI
    https://betamasaheft.eu/ESqs010
    idno
    type=filename
    ESqs010.xml
    idno
    type=ID
    ESqs010

    Encoding Description

    Encoded according to TEI P5 Guidelines.

    Encoded according to the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines. These Guidelines detail the TEI format ruled by the Beta maṣāḥǝft Schema. The present TEI file is enriched with an Xquery transformation taking advantage of the exist-db database instance where the data is stored and of the many external resources to which this data points to.

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    Suggested Citation of this record

    To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

    Vitagrazia Pisani, Denis Nosnitsin, Alessandro Bausi, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, Eugenia Sokolinski, ʻSāʿsiʿ Ṣaʿdā ʾƎmbā, Qalāqǝl Māryām Ṣǝyon, QS-010ʼ, in Alessandro Bausi, ed., Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 20.11.2019) https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESqs010 [Accessed: 2024-04-18+02:00]

    Revisions of the data

    • Eugenia Sokolinski Eugenia Sokolinski: adjusted to schema on 20.11.2019
    • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: transformed from mycore to TEI P5 on 10.5.2016
    • Vitagrazia Pisani Vitagrazia Pisani: last edited in Ethio-SPaRe on 26.2.2015
    • Vitagrazia Pisani Vitagrazia Pisani: catalogued in Ethio-SPaRe on 19.2.2015
    • Denis Nosnitsin: Ethio-SPaRe team photographed the manuscript on 2.12.2011

    Attributions of the contents

    Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

    Eugenia Sokolinski, contributor

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.