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Bǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, Laqāy Kidāna Mǝḥrat, MKL-028

Susanne Hummel (cataloguer), Denis Nosnitsin

This manuscript description is based on the catalogues listed in the catalogue bibliography

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/ESmkl028
Laqāy Kidāna Mǝḥrat[view repository]

Collection: Ethio-SPaRe

General description

Dǝrsāna Mikāʾel, Homiliary for the feasts of St Michael / Malkǝʾa Mikāʾel “Image of Michael”

Number of Text units: 2

Number of Codicological units: 1

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Origin

Original Location: Läqay Kidāna Mǝḥrat / MKL

Second half of the19 cent. – early 20 cent. (?) Additio 3 mentions Empress Zäwditu (r. 1916-1930) and šum ʾagame Dästa (däǧǧazmač Dästa Sǝbḥāt, in office 1902-08).

Summary

I) Dǝrsāna Mikāʾel, Homiliary for the feasts of St Michael (fols. 5ra-124va) I-1) Homily by Timothy (Damātewos), Patriarch of Alexandria for the 12th of Ḫǝdār (fols. 5ra-12ra); miracle (fols. 12ra-14rb), ʿarke-hymn (fol. 14rb-va); miracle (fols. 14va-15rb), ʿarke-hymn (fol. 15rb) I-2) Homily by an anonymous author for Tāḫśāś (fols. 15rb-22rb); miracle (fols. 22rb-24ra), ʿarke-hymn (fol. 24ra); miracle (fols. 24ra-25va), ʿarke-hymn (fol. 25va-vb); miracle (fols. 25vb-26vb), ʿarke-hymn (fols. 26vb-27ra) I-3) Homily [by Epiphanius, Metropolitan of Cyprus] for Ṭǝrr (fols. 27ra-38rb); miracle (fols. 38rb-40rb), ʿarke-hymn (fol. 40rb); miracle (fols. 40va-41va), ʿarke-hymn (fol. 41va); miracle (fols. 41va-43rb), ʿarke-hymn (fol. 43rb-va) I-4) Homily by one of the Holy Orthodox Fathers [anonymous author] for the 12th of Yakkātit (fols. 43va-52rb); two miracles (fols. 52rb-55vb); two ʿarke-hymns (fols. 55vb-56rb) I-5) Homily by [Severus] Patriarch of Antiochia [for Maggābit] (fols. 56rb-76rb); miracle (fol. 76rb-vb), ʿarke-hymn (fol. 76vb); miracle (fols. 76vb-78ra) I-6) Homily by [Metropolitan Yoḥannǝs] the Orthodox for Miyāzyā (fols. 78ra-83rb); miracle (fols. 83rb-84vb); ʿarke-hymn (fol. 84vb) I-7) Homily by Yoḥannǝs, Metropolitan of Ethiopia for Gǝnbot (fols. 85ra-86vb); miracle (fols. 86vb-88rb); ʿarke-hymn (fol. 88rb) I-8) Homily by Yoḥannǝs, Metropolitan of ʾAksum [for Sane] (fols. 88va-96ra); miracle (fols. 96rb-97ra); ʿarke-hymn (fol. 97ra-rb) I-9) Homily [by Metropolitan Yoḥannǝs] for Ḥamle (fols. 97rb-102vb); miracle (fols. 102vb-103vb); ʿarke-hymn (fol. 103vb) I-10) Homily by an anonymous author for Naḥāse (fols. 104ra-107va); miracle (fols. 107va-110rb) I-11) Homily by an anonymous author for Maskaram (fols. 110va-114rb); miracle (fols. 114rb-115va); two ʿarke-hymns (fols. 115va-116ra) I-12) Homily by an anonymous author for Ṭǝqǝmt (fols. 116va-122va); miracle (fols. 122va-124rb); two ʿarke-hymns (fol. 124rb-va) II Malkǝʾa Mikāʾel “Image of Michael” (fols. 124vb-126rb) Additiones 1-5.
  1. ms_i1 (),
  2. ms_i2 (),

Contents


Incipit ( ):

Explicit ( ):


The ʿarke-hymns of Texts I-6 – I-9 have been added at a later stage, probably in the main hand. Text I-12 includes one miracle of St Mary and two ʿarke-hymns for St Mary. Text II concludes with a subscriptio (check the viewer12 5va-126rb).

Additions In this unit there are in total 1 .

  1. check the viewerFol. 00

    Fol 1v: Ownership note.

    Fol 1v: በሰመ፡”… ዛቲ፡ መጽሀፍ፡ ዘገብረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ከመ፡ ትኵኖሙ፡ መድኀኒተ፡ ለደቂቁ፡Fol 1v: In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. One God. This is book is of Gabra Krǝstos so that salvation may be for his children.
  2. check the viewerFol. 00

    Fol 1v: Genealogy of Gabra Krǝstos.

    Fol 1vr: መባችያ፡ ወለደ፡ ገብረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ አምደ፡ ሚካኤል፡ ፈሲ፡ ለደስ፡ ሂ፡ ወለደ፡ ፫ደቂቁ፡ ገብረ፡ ሥላሴ፡ አርአያ፡ ሰላሴ፡ ወልደ፡ ሙሴ፡ ዘውእቶሙሂ፡ ወለዱ፡ ብዙሃነ፡ ደቂቃነ፡ ዘዓልቦሙ፡ ሁልቍ፡ See also Additio 5 and Additiones 1 and 2 in Ms. MKL-019. The note is written in the same hand as that of Additiones 3-5.
  3. check the viewerFol. 00

    Fol 2r: Ownership note including details about local governorship.

    Fol 2r: ዝመጽሐፍ፡ ዘዓቡነ፡ ክቡቡ፡ መስፍነ፡ አጋሜ፡ ልዑል፡ እምልዑላን፡ መኮ፡ ዘከማሁ፡ ዘዓርዓየ፡ ሀይሎ፡ እመሣፍንተ፡ ዓጋሜ፡ ከመ፡ ገብረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ሃያል፡ ዘዓልቦ፡ መስፈርት፡ ወይብል፡ አነ፡ ገብረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ዘተዓዘዙልት፡ አጋንንት፡ ወሠይጣናት፡ ወመንግሥቱ፡ ክብርት፡ እመሣፍ[ን]ት፡ ዘነግሠ፡ ህየንቴሁ፡ አምደ፡ ሚካኤል፡ በዘመነ፡ መንግሥታ፡ ለዕተጁ፡ ዘውዲቱ፡ ተፃፊ፡ ወመስፍነ፡ አጋሜ፡ ደገዝማች፡ ደስታ፡ ፮ቀን፡ ሃምሌ፡ Fol 2r: This is the book of ʿabunä Kǝbubu (?), the governor of ʿAgame as he is the highest prince(?) who manifested the power from the governors of ʿAgame as Gabra Krǝstos, immeasurable powerful, says, ‘I, Gabra Krǝstos, was ordered by demons and devils And his reign was the most glorious among the governors. The one who reigned instead of him was ʿAmda Mikāʾel during the reign of Zäwditu ánd governor of ʾAgame däggazmač Dästa. 6 Ḥamle. Empress Zäwditu reigned from 1916 to 1930. Däggazmač Dästa refers most probably to šum ʾagame Dästa (däǧǧazmač Dästa Sǝbḥāt, in office 1902-08).
  4. check the viewerf. 116ra

    : Conmissioner’s supplication for dying.

    check the viewer116ra : ኦእግዚኦ፡ አእርፍ፡ ነፍሰ፡ ገብርከ፡ አርአያ፡ ሥላሴ፡ ዕቀቦ፡ ለገብ[ር]ከ፡ ገብረ፡ ኢየሱስ። check the viewer116ra : O Lord, let the soul of your servant ʾArʾyayaŚǝllāse rest and watch over your servant Gabra ʾIyasus.
  5. check the viewerf. 116rb

    : Ownership note and genealogy of Gabra Krǝstos.

    check the viewer116rb : ዝመጽሐፍ፡ ዘሹም፡ አጋሜ፡ ገብረ፡ ክርስቶስ፡ ወገብሩ፡ አምደ፡ ሚካኤል፡ [ወለደ፡] ፈሲለደስ፡ ወፈሲለደስ፡ ወለደ፡ ወልደ፡ ሙሴ፡ ገብረ፡ ሰላሴ፡ አርአያ፡ ሰላሴ፡ ዘዓጽሐፉ፡ ከመ፡ ትኵኖሙ፡ ለደቂቁ፡ መድኀኒት፡ ነፍስ፡ ወስጋ፡ ለዘተአመና፡ ለዛቲ፡ መጽሐፍ፡ ኢየሀርር፡ ለአለም፡ check the viewer116rb : This is the book of šum ʾagame Gabra Krǝstos. And his servant ʿAmda Mikāʾel [begat] Fäsilädäs. And Fäsilädäs begat Walda Muse, Gabra Śǝllāse, ʾArʾyaya Śǝllāse who commissioned the book so that salvation of the soul and the flesh may be for his children [and] for the one who entrusted himself to this book. He will never burn. The note mentions šum ʾagame Gabra Krǝstos as the owner and ʾArʾyaya Śǝllāse as the commissioner. For the short genealogy cp. Additiones 1 and 2 in Ms. MKL-019.

Extras

  1. check the viewer8r-15v check the viewer8ra check the viewer10vb check the viewer2r check the viewer2v

    - The scribe wrote right beneath the upper ruled lines (i.e. the letters are not set on the ruled line). - The scribe sometimes ignored the ruling and wrote two text lines within two ruled lines (compressed script), e.g., on . - Omitted letters and words are inserted interlineally: e.g., , 10ra, 18ra, 21vb, 28vb, 31rb, 45va, 49ra, 60rb, 61rb, 79ra, 88ra, 106vb, 111vb, 114rb, 122rb. - Immediate correction is indicated by thin lines above and below the word to be cancelled (dittographic errors): , 13va, 22vb, 51vb, 86ra. - Pen trial on . - Scribbles, crude minor notes: , 21r, 128r.
  2. (Type: findingAid)

    - Monthly readings are indicated by the names of the months written encircled or within thin lines in the upper margin, often repeated in the side margin: በኅዳር: check the viewerfol. 5ra በወርኃ፡ ታኅሣሥ: check the viewerfol. 15rb ጥር: check the viewerfol. 27ra , in red ዘየካቲት፡ ምንባብ: check the viewerfol. 43va በኵሉ፡ አውራኀ: check the viewerfol. 55ra መጋቢት: check the viewerfol. 56rb , in red ሚያዝያ: check the viewerfol. 78ra በግንቦት: check the viewerfol. 85ra በሰኔ: check the viewerfol. 88va ሐምሌ: check the viewerfol. 97rb , in red ኅዳር: check the viewerfol. 102vb ነሐሴ: check the viewerfol. 104ra ታኅሣሥ፡ ምንባብ: check the viewerfol. 107va መስከረም: check the viewerfol. 110va ጥቅምት: check the viewerfol. 116va .

Decoration In this unit there are in total 1 .

Frame notes

  1. frame: Coloured (red, black, yellow?) ornamental bands with different (geometric) motifs are drawn throughout Texts I dividing the sections and some subsections (check the viewer12ra , 15rb, 27ra, 43va, 56rb, 78ra, 83rb, 85ra, 88va, 97rb, 104ra, 110v).

Catalogue Bibliography

This manuscript has modern restorations.

Physical Description

Form of support

Parchment Codex

Extent

Made of 128.0 (leaf) , Entered as 128.0 folios, of which (leaf, blank) : Entered as blank check the viewer1r , 2v-3v, 4v, 126v-128v., in 17.0 (quire) .Entered as 17.0 quires (A+15+B). 226 170 81
Outer dimensions
Height 226
Width 170
Depth 81

Foliation

Quire Structure Collation

Position Number Leaves Quires Description
1 4 Fols 1r–4v A(4/fols. 1r-4v)
2 8 Fols 5r–12v I(8/fols. 5r-12v)
3 8 Fols 13r–20v II(8/fols. 13r-20v)
4 8 Fols 21r–28v III(8/fols. 21r-28v)
5 8 Fols 29r–36v IV(8/fols. 29r-36v)
6 8 Fols 37r–44v V(8/fols. 37r-44v)
7 8 Fols 45r–52v VI(8/fols. 45r-52v)
8 8 Fols 53r–60v VII(8/fols. 53r-60v)
9 10 Fols. 10, Fols 61r–66v VIII(10; s.l.: 4, stub after 7; 7, stub after 4/fols. 61r-66v)
10 8 Fols 71r–78v IX(8/fols. 71r-78v)
11 8 Fols 79r–86v X(8/fols. 79r-86v)
12 8 Fols 87r–94v XI(8/fols. 87r-94v)
13 8 Fols 95r–102v XII(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 2/fols. 95r-102v)
14 8 Fols 103r–110v XIII(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 5; 6, stub after 2/fols. 103r-110v)
15 8 Fols 111r–118v XIV(8; s.l.: 2, stub after 6; 7, stub after 1/fols. 111r-118v)
16 8 Fols 119r–126v XV(8/fols. 119r-126v)
17 2 Fols 1r–2v B(2; s.l.: 1, stub after 2; 2, stub before 1/fols. 1r-2v)

Collation diagrams


A(4/fols. 1r-4v)
Quire ID:q1
Collation diagram Quire 1 1 4 Unit #1 Unit #2

I(8/fols. 5r-12v)
Quire ID:q2
Collation diagram Quire 2 5 12 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

II(8/fols. 13r-20v)
Quire ID:q3
Collation diagram Quire 3 13 20 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

III(8/fols. 21r-28v)
Quire ID:q4
Collation diagram Quire 4 21 28 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

IV(8/fols. 29r-36v)
Quire ID:q5
Collation diagram Quire 5 29 36 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

V(8/fols. 37r-44v)
Quire ID:q6
Collation diagram Quire 6 37 44 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

VI(8/fols. 45r-52v)
Quire ID:q7
Collation diagram Quire 7 45 52 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

VII(8/fols. 53r-60v)
Quire ID:q8
Collation diagram Quire 8 53 60 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

VIII(10; s.l.: 4, stub after 7; 7, stub after 4/fols. 61r-66v)
Quire ID:q9
Collation diagram Quire 9 61 70 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5 Unit #6

IX(8/fols. 71r-78v)
Quire ID:q10
Collation diagram Quire 10 71 78 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

X(8/fols. 79r-86v)
Quire ID:q11
Collation diagram Quire 11 79 86 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XI(8/fols. 87r-94v)
Quire ID:q12
Collation diagram Quire 12 87 94 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

XII(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 2/fols. 95r-102v)
Quire ID:q13
Collation diagram Quire 13 95 102 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

XIII(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 5; 6, stub after 2/fols. 103r-110v)
Quire ID:q14
Collation diagram Quire 14 103 110 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

XIV(8; s.l.: 2, stub after 6; 7, stub after 1/fols. 111r-118v)
Quire ID:q15
Collation diagram Quire 15 111 118 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5

XV(8/fols. 119r-126v)
Quire ID:q16
Collation diagram Quire 16 119 126 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

B(2; s.l.: 1, stub after 2; 2, stub before 1/fols. 1r-2v)
Quire ID:q17
Collation diagram Quire 17 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3

Ethio-SPaRe formula : I(4/Fols 1r–4v) – II(8/Fols 5r–12v) – III(8/Fols 13r–20v) – IV(8/Fols 21r–28v) – V(8/Fols 29r–36v) – VI(8/Fols 37r–44v) – VII(8/Fols 45r–52v) – VIII(8/Fols 53r–60v) – IX(8+2/s.l. 4, stub after 7/Fols. 10, Fols 61r–66v) – X(8/Fols 71r–78v) – XI(8/Fols 79r–86v) – XII(8/Fols 87r–94v) – XIII(6+2/s.l. 3, stub after 6; s.l. 6, stub after 2/Fols 95r–102v) – XIV(6+2/s.l. 3, stub after 5/Fols 103r–110v) – XV(6+2/s.l. 2, stub after 6/Fols 111r–118v) – XVI(8/Fols 119r–126v) – XVII(0+2/s.l. 1, stub after 2; s.l. 2, stub before 1/Fols 1r–2v) –

Formula: Fols 1r–4v A(4/fols. 1r-4v) ; Fols 5r–12v I(8/fols. 5r-12v) ; Fols 13r–20v II(8/fols. 13r-20v) ; Fols 21r–28v III(8/fols. 21r-28v) ; Fols 29r–36v IV(8/fols. 29r-36v) ; Fols 37r–44v V(8/fols. 37r-44v) ; Fols 45r–52v VI(8/fols. 45r-52v) ; Fols 53r–60v VII(8/fols. 53r-60v) ; Fols. 10, Fols 61r–66v VIII(10; s.l.: 4, stub after 7; 7, stub after 4/fols. 61r-66v) ; Fols 71r–78v IX(8/fols. 71r-78v) ; Fols 79r–86v X(8/fols. 79r-86v) ; Fols 87r–94v XI(8/fols. 87r-94v) ; Fols 95r–102v XII(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 6; 6, stub after 2/fols. 95r-102v) ; Fols 103r–110v XIII(8; s.l.: 3, stub after 5; 6, stub after 2/fols. 103r-110v) ; Fols 111r–118v XIV(8; s.l.: 2, stub after 6; 7, stub after 1/fols. 111r-118v) ; Fols 119r–126v XV(8/fols. 119r-126v) ; Fols 1r–2v B(2; s.l.: 1, stub after 2; 2, stub before 1/fols. 1r-2v);

Formula 1: 1 (4), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (10), 10 (8), 11 (8), 12 (8), 13 (8), 14 (8), 15 (8), 16 (8), 17 (),

Formula 2: 1 (4), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (10), 10 (8), 11 (8), 12 (8), 13 (8), 14 (8), 15 (8), 16 (8), 17 (),

State of preservation

good

Condition

The Ms. was resewn. The leather cover has been cut off from the spine, probably to facilitate the resewing. The upper outer corner of check the viewer62-78 is damaged by water. Tears amended on check the viewer38 , 54.

Binding

Two wooden boards covered with dark-brown tooled leather (party missing). Two pairs of sewing stations.

Binding decoration

Small holes are visible on the spine fold and in the centre fold of the quires, close to the head and the tail of the codex.

Binding material

wood

leather

Original binding

No

Layout

Layout note 1

Number of columns: 2

Number of lines: 16

H 161mm
W 131mm
Intercolumn 12mm
Margins
top 15
bottom 43
right 25
left 10
intercolumn 12
All data for check the viewer6r .

Ms Bǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, Laqāy Kidāna Mǝḥrat, MKL-028 main part

looks ok for measures computed width is: 166mm, object width is: 170mm, computed height is: 219mm and object height is: 226mm.
Ruling
  • (Subtype: pattern) Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/B (the horizontal lines are sometimes of Type A (e.g., 6rv, 18rv, 22rv, 24rv etc.) or of Type C (e.g., 13rv, 15r-17v, 19rv, 21rv, 23rv, 25r etc.).
  • The upper line is written below the ruling.
  • The bottom line is written above the ruling.
  • (Subtype: pattern) The ruling has been done crudely, the ruling pattern are not regular.
  • The fols. of quire XV have an additional ruled line at the top.
  • Many leaves have an additional ruled line at the bottom (e.g., (Excerpt from check the viewer24rv)
    , 27r-28v, all fols. of quires VII, X-XII; several lines on fols. of quire VIII).
Pricking
  • Pricking and ruling are visible.
  • Primary pricks are visible.
  • Ruling pricks are visible.

Palaeography

  • Hand 1

    Scribe: Gabra ʾAmlāk scribe

    Script: Ethiopic

    Mediocre

    Ink: Black, red

    Rubrication: Nomina sacra; name of the protagonist and of other characters like Gabrǝʾel (fols. 32ra, 104ra) and St George (fol. 41ra); names of the owner and the scribe; the word kǝfl “part” (fol. 36rb), another word (addressing the reader) on fol. 28vb; elements of the punctuation signs and of the text dividers; elements of Ethiopic numerals. Several groups of lines on the incipit page of Text I (alternating with black lines); two or three initial lines in the incipit of sections (homilies) and subsections (miracles), sometimes alternating with black lines (e.g., fols. 56rb, 86vb, 88va); the first word in the incipit of subsections (hymns), i.e. salām "salutation"; the word salām in Text II.

    Date: Second half of the19 cent. – early 20 cent. (?)

    Gabra ʾAmlāk scribe Gabra ʾAmlāk is mentioned as the scribe in the subscriptio (check the viewer126ra ).Second half of the19 cent. – early 20 cent. (?)


  • Keywords

    Publication Statement

    authority
    Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik
    pubPlace
    Hamburg
    publisher
    Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
    availability

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.

    date
    2016-06-07T17:44:14.45+02:00
    date
    type=expanded
    2022-04-08T11:54:30.074+02:00
    date
    type=lastModified
    10.5.2016
    idno
    type=collection
    manuscripts
    idno
    type=url
    https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESmkl028
    idno
    type=URI
    https://betamasaheft.eu/ESmkl028
    idno
    type=filename
    ESmkl028.xml
    idno
    type=ID
    ESmkl028

    Encoding Description

    Encoded according to TEI P5 Guidelines.

    Encoded according to the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines. These Guidelines detail the TEI format ruled by the Beta maṣāḥǝft Schema. The present TEI file is enriched with an Xquery transformation taking advantage of the exist-db database instance where the data is stored and of the many external resources to which this data points to.

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    Hypothes.is public annotations pointing here

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    Suggested Citation of this record

    To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

    Susanne Hummel, Denis Nosnitsin, Alessandro Bausi, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, ʻBǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, Laqāy Kidāna Mǝḥrat, MKL-028ʼ, in Alessandro Bausi, ed., Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 10.5.2016) https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESmkl028 [Accessed: 2024-03-29+01:00]

    Revisions of the data

    • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: transformed from mycore to TEI P5 on 10.5.2016
    • Denis Nosnitsin Denis Nosnitsin: last edited in Ethio-SPaRe on 14.9.2015
    • Susanne Hummel Susanne Hummel: catalogued in Ethio-SPaRe on 26.1.2015
    • Denis Nosnitsin: Ethio-SPaRe team photographed the manuscript on 29.5.2014

    Attributions of the contents

    Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.