Here you can explore some general information about the project. See also Beta maṣāḥəft institutional web page. Select About to meet the project team and our partners. Visit the Guidelines section to learn about our encoding principles. The section Data contains the Linked Open Data information, and API the Application Programming Interface documentation for those who want to exchange data with the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. The Permalinks section documents the versioning and referencing earlier versions of each record.
Click to get back to the home page. Here you can find out more about the project team, the cooperating projects, and the contact information. You can also visit our institutional page. Find out more about our Encoding Guidelines. In this section our Linked Open Data principles are explained. Developers can find our Application Programming Interface documentation here. The page documents the use of permalinks by the project.
Descriptions of (predominantly) Christian manuscripts from Ethiopia and Eritrea are the core of the Beta maṣāḥǝft project. We (1) gradually encode descriptions from printed catalogues, beginning from the historical ones, (2) incorporate digital descriptions produced by other projects, adjusting them wherever possible, and (3) produce descriptions of previously unknown and/or uncatalogued manuscripts. The encoding follows the TEI XML standards (check our guidelines).
We identify each unit of content in every manuscript. We consider any text with an independent circulation a work, with its own identification number within the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). Parts of texts (e.g. chapters) without independent circulation (univocally identifiable by IDs assigned within the records) or recurrent motifs as well as documentary additional texts (identified as Narrative Units) are not part of the CAe. You can also check the list of different types of text titles or various Indexes available from the top menu.
The clavis is a repertory of all known works relevant for the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition; the work being defined as any text with an independent circulation. Each work (as well as known recensions where applicable) receives a unique identifier in the Clavis Aethiopica (CAe). In the filter search offered here one can search for a work by its title, a keyword, a short quotation, but also directly by its CAe identifier - or, wherever known and provided, identifier used by other claves, including Bibliotheca Hagiographica Graeca (BHG), Clavis Patrum Graecorum (CPG), Clavis Coptica (CC), Clavis Apocryphorum Veteris Testamenti (CAVT), Clavis Apocryphorum Novi Testamenti (CANT), etc. The project additionally identifies Narrative Units to refer to text types, where no clavis identification is possible or necessary. Recurring motifs or also frequently documentary additiones are assigned a Narrative Unit ID, or thematically clearly demarkated passages from various recensions of a larger work. This list view shows the documentary collections encoded by the project Ethiopian Manuscript Archives (EMA) and its successor EthioChrisProcess - Christianization and religious interactions in Ethiopia (6th-13th century) : comparative approaches with Nubia and Egypt, which aim to edit the corpus of administrative acts of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia, for medieval and modern periods. See also the list of documents contained in the additiones in the manuscripts described by the Beta maṣāḥǝft project . Works of interest to Ethiopian and Eritrean studies.
While encoding manuscripts, the project Beta maṣāḥǝft aims at creating an exhaustive repertory of art themes and techniques present in Ethiopian and Eritrean Christian tradition. See our encoding guidelines for details. Two types of searches for aspects of manuscript decoration are possible, the decorations filtered search and the general keyword search.
The filtered search for decorations, originally designed with Jacopo Gnisci, looks at decorations and their features only. The filters on the left are relative only to the selected features, reading the legends will help you to figure out what you can filter. For example you can search for all encoded decorations of a specific art theme, or search the encoded legends. If the decorations are present, but not encoded, you will not get them in the results. If an image is available, you will also find a thumbnail linking to the image viewer. [NB: The Index of Decorations currently often times out, we are sorry for the inconvenience.] You can search for particular motifs or aspects, including style, also through the keyword search. Just click on "Art keywords" and "Art themes" on the left to browse through the options. This is a short cut to a search for all those manuscripts which have miniatures of which we have images.
We create metadata for all places associated with the manuscript production and circulation as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The encoding of places in Beta maṣāḥǝft will thus result in a Gazetteer of the Ethiopian tradition. We follow the principles established by Pleiades and lined out in the Syriaca.org TEI Manual and Schema for Historical Geography which allow us to distinguish between places, locations, and names of places. See also Help page fore more guidance.
This tab offers a filtrable list of all available places. Geographical references of the type "land inhabited by people XXX" is encoded with the reference to the corresponding Ethnic unit (see below); ethnonyms, even those used in geographical contexts, do not appear in this list. Repositories are those locations where manuscripts encoded by the project are or used to be preserved. While they are encoded in the same way as all places are, the view offered is different, showing a list of manuscripts associated with the repository.
We create metadata for all persons (and groups of persons) associated with the manuscript production and circulation (rulers, religious authorities, scribes, donors, and commissioners) as well as those mentioned in the texts used by the project. The result will be a comprehensive Prosopography of the Ethiopian and Eritrean tradition. See also Help page for more guidance.
We encode persons according to our Encoding Guidelines. The initial list was inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix. We consider ethnonyms as a subcategory of personal names, even when many are often used in literary works in the context of the "land inhabited by **". The present list of records has been mostly inherited from the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, and there are still many inconsistencies that we are trying to gradually fix.
This section collects some additional resources offered by the project. Select Bibliography to explore the references cited in the project records. The Indexes list different types of project records (persons, places, titles, keywords, etc). Visit Projects for information on partners that have input data directly in the Beta maṣāḥǝft database. Special ways of exploring the data are offered under Visualizations. Two applications were developed in cooperation with the project TraCES, the Gǝʿǝz Morphological Parser and the Online Lexicon Linguae Aethiopicae.
Help

You are looking at work in progress version of this website. For questions contact the dev team.

Hover on words to see search options.

Double-click to see morphological parsing.

Click on left pointing hands and arrows to load related items and click once more to view the result in a popup.

Do you want to notify us of an error, please do so by writing an issue in our GitHub repository (click the envelope for a precomiled one).
On small screens, will show a navigation bar on the leftOpen Item Navigation
Edit Not sure how to do this? Have a look at the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines!
Hide pointersClick here to hide or show again the little arrows and small left pointing hands in this page.
Hide relatedClick here to hide or show again the right side of the content area, where related items and keywords are shown.
EntryMain Entry
TEI/XMLDownload an enriched TEI file with explicit URIs bibliography from Zotero API.
SyntaxeSee graphs of the information available. If the manuscript contains relevant information, then you will see visualizations based on La Syntaxe du Codex, by Andrist, Canart and Maniaci.
RelationsFurther visualization of relational information
TranscriptionTranscription (as available). Do you have a transcription you want to contribute? Contact us or click on EDIT and submit your contribution.
ImagesManuscript images in the Mirador viewer via IIIF

Bǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, Maʿago ʾAmānuʾel, MMA-010

Massimo Villa (cataloguer), Denis Nosnitsin

This manuscript description is based on the catalogues listed in the catalogue bibliography

Work in Progress
https://betamasaheft.eu/ESmma010
Maʿago ʾAmānuʾel[view repository]

Collection: Ethio-SPaRe

General description

Maṣḥafa ḥǝmāmātihu wa-zenā sǝqlatu la-ʾIyasus Krǝstos “Book of the Passion and Story of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ” / Taʾammǝra tazkāra motu la-ʾIyasus Krǝstos “Miracles concerning the Commemoration of the Death of Jesus Christ” / Malkǝʾa Madḫāne ʿĀlam “Image of the Saviour of the World” / ʾƎsaggǝd la-zǝkra sǝmǝkä… “I worship the mention of your name…” / Story about the origin of tobacco, in Amharic / Miracles of the Saviour of the World worked by ʾabuna Takla Māryām / Gadla Takla Māryām “Vita of Takla Māryām” (Mäbaʾa Ṣǝyon)

Number of Text units: 1

Number of Codicological units: 1

For a table of all relations from and to this record, please go to the Relations view. In the Relations boxes on the right of this page, you can also find all available relations grouped by name.

Origin

Original Location: Mäʿago Dabra Mädḥanit ʾAmanuʾel/ MMA

19th cent. (?)

Summary

I) Maṣḥafa ḥǝmāmātihu wa-zenā sǝqlatu la-ʾIyasus Krǝstos “Book of the Passion and Story of the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ” (fols. 2ra-45ra) II) Taʾammǝra tazkāra motu la-ʾIyasus Krǝstos “Miracles concerning the Commemoration of the Death of Jesus Christ”, 5 unnumbered miracles (fols. 45rb-52rb) (cp. GBI-013, II) III) Malkǝʾa Mädḫane ʿAläm “Image of the Saviour of the World” (fols. 52va-57rb) IV) ʾƎsaggǝd la-zǝkra sǝmǝkä… “I worship the mention of your name…” (fols. 57va-61ra) (cp. ChRep 318, no. 339) V) How Zarʾa Buruk loved the Saviour of the World (fols. 61va-63rb) VI) Story about the origin of tobacco, in Amharic, unidentified (fols. 63rb-64rb) VII) Miracles of the Saviour of the World worked by ʾabuna Takla Māryām (fols. 64rb-65rb, 89va-90ra) VII-1) How the saint healed a sick child who was approaching death (fols. 64rb-65ra) (cp. EMML 3420, fol. 193a) VII-2) About the light that appeared over the dough from which the bread for the commemoration of the Saviour of the World was made (fols. 65ra-b) (cp. EMML 1779, fol. 71b) VII-3) How the saint healed a child with a swollen throat (fols. 89va-90ra) (cp. EMML 3420, fol. 192b) VIII) Gadla Takla Māryām “Vita of Takla Māryām” (Mäbaʾa Ṣǝyon) (fols. 65rb-89va) Additiones 1-4.
  1. ms_i1 (),

Contents


Incipit ( ):

Explicit ( ):

Additions In this unit there are in total 1 .

  1. check the viewerf. 1v

    : Unclear note.

      The note is illegible due to erasure.
  2. check the viewerf. 90ra

    -b: Unclear note.

      The note is illegible due to erasure. It is possibly a genealogy.
  3. check the viewerff. 92ra

    -vb: Genealogy of the family of Dämmo, note on bequeathing.

     check the viewer92ra : ትውልድ፡ የፍቅር፡ (!) ደሞ፡ ተወለደ፡ ደሞም፡ ቄስ፡ ምእንቶ፡ ወለደ፡ ቄስ፡ ምእንቶም፡ ነማር[ያ]ም፡ ገለላዊት፡ ወለተ፡ ጽዮን፡ ወለደ፡ የነዚህ፡ ፍጎ፡ አቶ፡ መንበሩ፤ ነማርያምን፡ ሐብቱ፡ ወልደ፡ ጋብር፡ ስቡን፡ ክርስቶሳዊት፡ ንግሥቲ፡ ወለደ፡ የነዚህ፡ ፍጎ፡ አቶ፡ ገብረ፡ አናንያ። …  The note is written in Amharic; it explains the genealogy of the lineage of Dämmo (?). The second part of the Additio is a note on bequeathing. It mentions priest (qasis ) Tawalda Madḫǝn (the one who wrote the note), priest (qes) Tasfāy, priest (qes) Gabra Ḥǝywat, and priest (qes) Walda ʾAbrǝha.
  4. check the viewerf. 93rb

    : Donation note.

     check the viewer93rb : በስመ፡ አብ፡ … በስመ፡ እግዚአብሔር፡ ክቡር፡ ወልዑል፡ ፀሃፊአ፡ ወልደ፡ ጻድቃን፡ ወድ፡ መምሕሬ፡ ገብረ፡ መድኅን፡ ክቡር፡ ወልዑል፡ መፅሐፍ፡ ዘወሀቡኒ፡ አቦይ፡ መምሕሬ፡ ሕሽ   The note mentions mamḥǝre Gabra Madḫǝn and mamḥǝre Ḥǝš (?). The ink is partly faded off. The scribe is Walda Ṣādǝqān.

Extras

  1. check the viewer38ra check the viewer6ra check the viewer53va- check the viewer86rb check the viewer11va check the viewer2rb check the viewer12vb check the viewer56va- check the viewer40vb check the viewer4r check the viewer93ra

    - Tamallas-sign, in the shape of two perpendicular lines (┴), indicating the place where the omissions, written in the upper margin, belong: , 47va, 85ra. - Omitted letters or words inserted interlineally in the main hand: e.g., , 11rb, 19ra, 46va, 50vb, 62ra, 72vb. - Omitted letters written interlineally in blue pen in a recent secondary hand: b. - Omitted letter written at the end of the line in the main hand: . - Omitted letters written at the end of the line in blue pen in a recent secondary hand: . - Erasures: e.g., , 6va, 13ra, 24va, 47va-b, 72vb, 80va. - Corrections written over erasures in the main hand: , 70rb. - Erasures marked with thin black lines: b. - Space for a name left unfilled: . - Pen trial, scribbles: e.g., , 17r, 23r, 80r, 90v, 91r, 93v, 94r. - Recent poorly readable note in blue pencil on .
  2. (Type: findingAid)

    - Readings are indicated by the name of the month (only mäggabit) written in blue pen, in a secondary hand, in the upper margin of the fol. - ዘመጋቢት፡ check the viewerfol. 25ra - መጋቢት፡ check the viewerfol. 61va - መጋቢት፡ check the viewerfol. 84vb .

Decoration In this unit there are in total 1 .

Frame notes

  1. frame: check the viewer2r (incipit page of Text I): uncoloured ornamental band; crude interlaces.

Catalogue Bibliography

This manuscript has no restorations.

Physical Description

Form of support

Parchment Codex

Extent

Made of 94.0 (leaf) , Entered as 94.0 folios, of which 8.0 (leaf, blank) .Entered as 8.0 blank 1r, 17r, 90v, 91r, 91v, 93v, 94r, 94v., in 14.0 (quire) .Entered as 14.0 quires (A + 12 + B). 230 178 55
Outer dimensions
Height 230
Width 178
Depth 55

Foliation

Quire Structure Collation

Signatures: - Undecorated quire marks are written in black ink in the upper margin in the main hand: 10r: ፪ (in red ink), 18r: ፫, 26r: ፬, 34r: ፭, 42r: ፮, 50r: ፯, 58r: ፰, 66r: ፱, 74r: ፲, 80r: ፲፩, 86r: ፲፪.

Position Number Leaves Quires Description
1 1 Fol. 1r A(1; s.l. 1, stub after 1/fols. 1r-v)
2 8 Fols 2r–9v I(8/fols. 2r-9v)
3 8 Fols 10r–17v ፪II(8/fols. 10r-17v)
4 8 Fols 18r–25v ፫III(8/fols. 18r-25v)
5 8 Fols 26r–33v ፬IV(8/fols. 26r-33v)
6 8 Fols 34r–41v ፭V(8/fols. 34r-41v)
7 8 Fols 42r–49v ፮VI(8/fols. 42r-49v)
8 8 Fols 50r–57v ፯VII(8/fols. 50r-57v)
9 58 Fols 58r–65v ፰VIII(58r-65v)
10 8 Fols 66r–73v ፱IX(8/fols. 66r-73v)
11 6 Fols 74r–79v ፲X(6/fols. 74r-79v)
12 6 Fols 80r–85v ፲፩XI(6/fols. 80r-85v)
13 5 Fols 86r–90v ፲፪XII(5; s.l. 2, stub after 4/fols. 86r-90v)
14 4 Fols 91r–94v B(4/fols. 91r-94v).

Collation diagrams


A(1; s.l. 1, stub after 1/fols. 1r-v)
Quire ID:q1
Collation diagram Quire 1 1 Unit #1

I(8/fols. 2r-9v)
Quire ID:q2
Collation diagram Quire 2 2 9 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፪II(8/fols. 10r-17v)
Quire ID:q3
Collation diagram Quire 3 10 17 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፫III(8/fols. 18r-25v)
Quire ID:q4
Collation diagram Quire 4 18 25 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፬IV(8/fols. 26r-33v)
Quire ID:q5
Collation diagram Quire 5 26 33 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፭V(8/fols. 34r-41v)
Quire ID:q6
Collation diagram Quire 6 34 41 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፮VI(8/fols. 42r-49v)
Quire ID:q7
Collation diagram Quire 7 42 49 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፯VII(8/fols. 50r-57v)
Quire ID:q8
Collation diagram Quire 8 50 57 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፰VIII(58r-65v)
Quire ID:q9
Collation diagram Quire 9 58 115 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4 Unit #5 Unit #6 Unit #7 Unit #8 Unit #9 Unit #10 Unit #11 Unit #12 Unit #13 Unit #14 Unit #15 Unit #16 Unit #17 Unit #18 Unit #19 Unit #20 Unit #21 Unit #22 Unit #23 Unit #24 Unit #25 Unit #26 Unit #27 Unit #28 Unit #29

፱IX(8/fols. 66r-73v)
Quire ID:q10
Collation diagram Quire 10 116 123 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3 Unit #4

፲X(6/fols. 74r-79v)
Quire ID:q11
Collation diagram Quire 11 124 129 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3

፲፩XI(6/fols. 80r-85v)
Quire ID:q12
Collation diagram Quire 12 130 135 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3

፲፪XII(5; s.l. 2, stub after 4/fols. 86r-90v)
Quire ID:q13
Collation diagram Quire 13 136 140 Unit #1 Unit #2 Unit #3

B(4/fols. 91r-94v).
Quire ID:q14
Collation diagram Quire 14 141 144 Unit #1 Unit #2

Ethio-SPaRe formula : I(0+1/s.l. 1, stub after 1/Fol. 1r) – II(8/Fols 2r–9v) – III(8/Fols 10r–17v) – IV(8/Fols 18r–25v) – V(8/Fols 26r–33v) – VI(8/Fols 34r–41v) – VII(8/Fols 42r–49v) – VIII(8/Fols 50r–57v) – IX(58/Fols 58r–65v) – X(8/Fols 66r–73v) – XI(6/Fols 74r–79v) – XII(6/Fols 80r–85v) – XIII(4+1/s.l. 2, stub after 4/Fols 86r–90v) – XIV(4/Fols 91r–94v) –

Formula: Fol. 1r A(1; s.l. 1, stub after 1/fols. 1r-v) ; Fols 2r–9v I(8/fols. 2r-9v) ; Fols 10r–17v ፪II(8/fols. 10r-17v) ; Fols 18r–25v ፫III(8/fols. 18r-25v) ; Fols 26r–33v ፬IV(8/fols. 26r-33v) ; Fols 34r–41v ፭V(8/fols. 34r-41v) ; Fols 42r–49v ፮VI(8/fols. 42r-49v) ; Fols 50r–57v ፯VII(8/fols. 50r-57v) ; Fols 58r–65v ፰VIII(58r-65v) ; Fols 66r–73v ፱IX(8/fols. 66r-73v) ; Fols 74r–79v ፲X(6/fols. 74r-79v) ; Fols 80r–85v ፲፩XI(6/fols. 80r-85v) ; Fols 86r–90v ፲፪XII(5; s.l. 2, stub after 4/fols. 86r-90v) ; Fols 91r–94v B(4/fols. 91r-94v).;

Formula 1: 1 (), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (58), 10 (8), 11 (6), 12 (6), 13 (5), 14 (4),

Formula 2: 1 (), 2 (8), 3 (8), 4 (8), 5 (8), 6 (8), 7 (8), 8 (8), 9 (58), 10 (8), 11 (6), 12 (6), 13 (5), 14 (4),

State of preservation

good

Condition

The spine cover has beenseverely damaged. check the viewer39 has been enlarged by sewing a strip of parchment onto it. The same strip is partly visible also on check the viewer36 . Cuts amended on check the viewer12 , 23, 34, 45, 47, 55, 81.

Binding

Two wooden boards covered with brown tooled leather; textile inlays. Two pairs of sewing stations.

Binding decoration

Two pairs of chains of the endband stitches at the spine cover. Small holes are visible on the spine fold of the quires, close to the tail of the codex.

Binding material

wood

leather

textile

Original binding

Yes

Layout

Layout note 1

Number of columns: 2

Number of lines: 20

H 165mm
W 134mm
Intercolumn 9mm
Margins
top 22
bottom 43
right 24
left 20
intercolumn 9
All data for check the viewer5r .

Ms Bǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, Maʿago ʾAmānuʾel, MMA-010 main part

looks ok for measures computed width is: 178mm, object width is: 178mm, computed height is: 230mm and object height is: 230mm.

Layout note 1

Ruling
  • The number varies from 19 to 21.
  • (Subtype: pattern) Ruling pattern: 1A-1A-1A1A/0-0/0-0/C.
  • The upper line is written above the ruling.
  • The bottom line is written above the ruling.
Pricking
  • Ruling and pricking are visible.
  • Primary pricks are visible.
  • Ruling pricks are visible.

Palaeography

  • Hand 1

    Script: Ethiopic

    Mediocre.

    Ink: Black, red (moderate red, moderate vermillion).

    Rubrication: Nomina sacra, name of the donor(s?); several groups of lines on the incipit page of Text I, alternating with black lines; two lines of the incipit of Texts II, III, IV, V, VII and VIII; first word of Text VI; incipit of each section in Texts I and VIII, incipit of each miracle in Texts II and VII, incipit of each strophe in Text III. The word ʾǝsaggǝd (“I worship”) in Text IV; elements of the punctuation signs, the text dividers and Ethiopic numerals.

    Date: 19th century (?)

    19th century (?)

  • Publication Statement

    authority
    Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik
    pubPlace
    Hamburg
    publisher
    Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft
    availability

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.

    date
    2016-06-07T17:44:29.298+02:00
    date
    type=expanded
    2022-01-05T13:36:28.446+01:00
    date
    type=lastModified
    10.5.2016
    idno
    type=collection
    manuscripts
    idno
    type=url
    https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESmma010
    idno
    type=URI
    https://betamasaheft.eu/ESmma010
    idno
    type=filename
    ESmma010.xml
    idno
    type=ID
    ESmma010

    Encoding Description

    Encoded according to TEI P5 Guidelines.

    Encoded according to the Beta maṣāḥǝft Guidelines. These Guidelines detail the TEI format ruled by the Beta maṣāḥǝft Schema. The present TEI file is enriched with an Xquery transformation taking advantage of the exist-db database instance where the data is stored and of the many external resources to which this data points to.

    Definitions of prefixes used.

    Select one of the keywords listed from the record to see related data

    No keyword selected.
    This page contains RDFa. RDF+XML graph of this resource. Alternate representations available via VoID.
    Hypothes.is public annotations pointing here

    Use the tag BetMas:ESmma010 in your public hypothes.is annotations which refer to this entity.

    Suggested Citation of this record

    To cite a precise version, please, click on load permalinks and to the desired version (see documentation on permalinks), then import the metadata or copy the below, with the correct link.

    Massimo Villa, Denis Nosnitsin, Alessandro Bausi, Pietro Maria Liuzzo, ʻBǝḥerāwi Kǝllǝlāwi Mangǝśti Tǝgrāy, Maʿago ʾAmānuʾel, MMA-010ʼ, in Alessandro Bausi, ed., Die Schriftkultur des christlichen Äthiopiens und Eritreas: Eine multimediale Forschungsumgebung / Beta maṣāḥǝft (Last Modified: 10.5.2016) https://betamasaheft.eu/manuscripts/ESmma010 [Accessed: 2024-04-19+02:00]

    Revisions of the data

    • Pietro Maria Liuzzo Pietro Maria Liuzzo: transformed from mycore to TEI P5 on 10.5.2016
    • Massimo Villa Massimo Villa: last edited in Ethio-SPaRe on 29.4.2015
    • Massimo Villa Massimo Villa: catalogued in Ethio-SPaRe on 9.2.2015
    • Denis Nosnitsin: Ethio-SPaRe team photographed the manuscript on 15.12.2010

    Attributions of the contents

    Pietro Maria Liuzzo, contributor

    This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0.